Chapter 1 explores young women’s experiences growing up in their fathers’ households to situate this group in a broader understanding of social reproduction in urban Nigeria. At the heart of the chapter lies young women’s recognition that they must live up to their parents’ expectations of becoming eligible ‘wife material’ but that this process is complicated by their desires to conform to particular cosmopolitan identities as well as by interferences coming from ‘the village’. The chapter details young women’s childhood memories and the domestic challenges faced by the ‘girl child’ in urban Nigeria, before moving on to describe the various strategies young women have for managing their reputations as they seek to have fun in the city and look towards a future shaped by marital responsibility. Illuminating how social reproduction in Calabar is governed by the tensions of visibility and invisibility, the chapter highlights how it is not only the boundaries of feminine respectability that start at home but also the ways in which feminine identities can be shaped by uncertainty.

This chapter explores the history of “total war” in the Republic of China, from the late 1920s to the early 1950s. Despite not taking part directly in the First World War, Chinese officers, strategists, and political leaders exhibited considerable interest in the notion of “total war” that became popular in its wake. With the full-blown Japanese invasion of 1937, the transnational circulation of strategic ideas gave way to practical concerns about general mobilization for a conflict of unprecedented dimensions and stakes. Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist regime survived the Second World War only to be destroyed by its Chinese Communist opponent, but it continued tapping pre-war ideas and wartime experiences of total war/mobilization to make sense of civil war – and defeat.

This chapter includes those waveguides which cannot be described with just an equivalent circuit. This involves using Maxwell’s equations and the electromagnetic wave equation to give the solutions for both metallic and dielectric waveguides. Starting with rectangular metallic waveguide, the various modes, cut-off frequencies and frequency-dependent propagations are analysed. This is followed by a similar discussion of circular metallic waveguides. Both slab guides and rectangular dielectric waveguides are then covered, followed by an analysis of optical fibers. In all these guides, the lowest-order modes and the mono-mode bandwidth are identified. The chapter also includes discussions of the higher-order modes present in coaxial cable, microstrip, coplanar waveguide, and stripline and their effect on the bandwidth.

Chapter 1 introduces the structure and purpose of the Australian Curriculum: Mathematics (Foundation to Year 6), exploring the importance of mathematics in education and everyday life. You will examine what it means to think, reason, and work mathematically, including the roles of inductive and deductive reasoning. This chapter also highlights how reasoning skills develop across the primary years and clarifies the relationship between numeracy and mathematics in the curriculum. These understandings form the basis for designing meaningful learning experiences that connect curriculum content with students’ developing mathematical reasoning.

Emerging from early calls for more rational management of resources and development planning in the 1972 Stockholm Declaration, the concept of sustainable consumption and production (SCP) has developed into an essential requirement for sustainable development and, as expressed at the UN International Meeting Stockholm+50, a key tool for achieving the system-wide change to our current economic system required for a healthy planet. SCP is, first and foremost, about ‘doing more with less’ by decoupling human well-being and economic growth, on the one hand, and resource use and environmental degradation, on the other hand. Yet, notwithstanding its prominence in policy, there exists little in terms of international law to support these required changes in global production and consumption, which instead focuses more on end-of-pipe solutions (pollution control, waste management, and so on). The analysis of multilateral environmental agreements on atmospheric pollution, chemicals, and hazardous wastes highlights the limited international legal tools that have been developed over the years that support SCP.

The Stockholm Conference is remembered for sparking the development of modern international environmental law. It would have been fortunate if it were also remembered for sparking the reform of international economic law. This chapter illustrates that, on account of the international economic system, which is engrained in international economic law, developing states continue to face many of the challenges they brought to the table in 1972.

This chapter offers an analysis of Los Angeles writings by a multiethnic selection of female authors from the mid twentieth century to the contemporary moment. Kim Lee frames LA’s creeping, obfuscating fog as denotative of a signature paranoiac mood in LA literature, and reads that foggy, blurry spatiality as a gendered experience. From the fatally obscured streets of Dorothy B. Hughes’s In a Lonely Place (1947) to Myriam Gurba’s use of fog, both mental and physical, as a space in which both attacker and victim can hide in Creep (2023), LA becomes legible as a city where sexual violence hangs in the air. Elsewhere, Kim Lee locates a similarly paranoid mode in writings by Joan Didion, Octavia Butler, Helena María Viramontes, and Karen Tei Yamashita.

This chapter is concerned with the coupling that can occur between two adjacent transmission lines. Using an equivalent circuit for coupled lines, the parameters of mutual capacitance and inductance are introduced. The analysis shows that the propagation now involves two coupled modes. The following examples cover pulses on coupled lines. After that, there is an analysis of resistive terminations for coupled lines which shows that these may cause coupling between the modes and this is illustrated in more examples. The theory of multiple junctions comes next with its links to Kirchhoff’s law. The chapter ends with analysis of classic transmission line circuits starting with directional couplers and their use to make various filters followed by the analysis in the frequency domain of the Wilkinson power divider and the hybrid or mixer ring.

Chapter 1 discusses the various ways in which philosophical works can be read and defends a historical approach. This approach, which takes seriously the context in which philosophy is written, coupled with the importance of lived existence in Beauvoir’s philosophy, supports the case for a philosophical reading of her autobiography. Existential themes and concepts in her four-volume autobiography (Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, The Prime of Life, Force of Circumstance, and All Said and Done) are discussed, notably self-creation and authenticity, as is her early concept of the Other as a threat, presented in her novel She Came to Stay.

This chapter explores the contemporary literature of Los Angeles. It demonstrates that the toxicity of the California Dream, already present in nineteenth-century booster romances, has not been attenuated by time. If anything, this chapter claims, LA as represented in its literature has only grown murkier, both atmospherically and psychologically. Hicks exposes distortions of the city’s realities, inequalities, and historical origins in novels such as Thomas Pynchon’s Inherent Vice (2009), James Frey’s Bright Shiny Morning (2008), and Paul Beatty’s The Sellout (2015). Likewise, explains Hicks, the protagonists of futuristic novels by Claire Vaye Watkins, Michael Tolkin, Ben Winters, and Alexandra Kleeman succumb to collective fantasy, amnesia, delusion, and dementia.

This chapter endeavors to acknowledge that, while English-language writing has come to dominate assessments of LA’s literary history, that city is and always has been, like the city itself, a polyglot one. Cutler and Leong present writing in Japanese and Spanish as defining examples of LA literary multilingualism. In the histories of LA’s Spanish-speaking and Japanese-speaking populations, the chapter identifies fiction, poetry, and periodicals as key (and interrelated) forms of literary production – enabling communities to recognize themselves and collectively reflect upon ambiguous relations to Los Angeles and America at large. Novels by Daniel Venegas and Shōson Nagahara are explored, but Cutler and Leong also explain how newspapers and chronicles have represented shared translocal experiences, not only in the form of conventional reporting on current events but also as venues for poetry.