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2601 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 1 of 131

Kierkegaard’s Concept of Anxiety

Kierkegaard’s Concept of Anxiety
  • George Pattison
  • Published online:
    16 July 2026
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    31 July 2026
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  • With reference to Kierkegaard's religious writings and other pseudonymous works, Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety is explored with a primary focus on the book The Concept of Anxiety. Anxiety itself is shown to be the eminent term for a moment in the human being's psychological development that Kierkegaard also discusses in other terms. In particular, it is the mode in which human being's apprehension of their possible freedom first appears in consciousness and, as such, is not to be confused with pathological anxiety, melancholy, or other negative states. At the same time, Kierkegaard regards human beings as typically failing to realize the possibility of freedom and when this happens anxiety becomes the trigger for despair or sin. The Element concludes by considering the influence of Kierkegaard on discussions of anxiety in Heidegger, Sartre, and Tillich and the relevance of his analysis to the contemporary crisis of social anxiety.
Rhetoric and Reality

Rhetoric and Reality
  • International Organizations, Sovereignty Costs, and Human Rights
  • Emilie M. Hafner-Burton, Edward D. Mansfield, Jon C. W. Pevehouse
  • Published online:
    16 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • The number of international human rights institutions and countries participating in them has risen dramatically in recent decades, precipitating debates about why countries make such commitments and whether these commitments improve member's human rights behavior. These debates have centered on a small number of human rights treaties, with far less attention paid to the larger number of international organizations (IOs) that aim to promote human rights. The Element argues and then demonstrates that state decisions about joining these IOs depends on the institutional design of the organizations, specifically sovereignty costs for member states. These costs stem from the constraints that IOs impose and vary substantially. Emerging democracies are most likely to enter high sovereignty cost IOs. Furthermore, organizations that generate higher sovereignty costs tend to produce better human rights outcomes than those generating fewer sovereignty costs for all regimes. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Vegetarian Gothic

Vegetarian Gothic
  • Andrew Smith
  • Published online:
    15 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • Vegetarian Gothic analyses the representation of vegetarianism in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818), the World War I writings of Arthur Machen, and Han Kang's The Vegetarian (2007). These texts from different eras (and nations) are placed into critical dialogue through the application of ideas drawn from object-oriented ontology (OOO), and theories of ecological awareness. The vegetarian is represented in highly ambivalent ways. At one level the vegetarian is associated with Gothic otherness but also represented as potentially bringing together humans and animals in a complex holistic, utopian understanding of the natural world. This model of belonging to nature is at odds with a Gothic dystopia which seeks to demonise the radical potential of vegetarianism.
Martyrdom as Witness in Late Ancient Christian Literature

Martyrdom as Witness in Late Ancient Christian Literature
  • Virginia Burrus
  • Published online:
    15 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
  • 'Witness' is not merely an etymological trace but central to late ancient Christian understandings of martyrdom. Drawing on dual traditions of elite parrhesia, or free speech, and the torture of enslaved witnesses, martyrs testified through their suffering and deaths to their own worthiness, the tyrannical violence inflicted upon them, and the possibility of a more just world. Literature became the medium of this threefold witness. This study offers close readings of well-known martyrdom accounts from the period before the Great Persecution, including Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs, Acts of Justin, Letter of the Martyrs of Vienne and Lyons, Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas, Martyrdom of Polycarp, and Acts of Thecla. It highlights recurring themes of interrogation, torture, contest, sacrifice, and sexual violence, showing how these texts reflect on questions of power and agency, and concludes with an exploration of their contemporary relevance through the art of Kehinde Wiley.
Contemporary Nigerian English

Contemporary Nigerian English
  • Foluke Olayinka Unuabonah, Rotimi Taiwo, Rotimi Olanrele Oladipupo, Folajimi Oyebola
  • Published online:
    15 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
  • Contemporary Nigerian English offers an engaging empirical exploration of Nigerian English in the twenty-first century, highlighting its historical development, present-day usage, and emerging linguistic features. Drawing on multiple sources of evidence, including naturally occurring language data, online corpora, social media discourse, and survey findings, the Element investigates how multilingualism, cultural diversity, and digital communication continue to shape the variety. It analyses salient features of Nigerian English across lexico-semantic, phonological, morpho-syntactic, and pragmatic domains, while also considering the language ideologies and attitudes that inform its perception and use. By integrating structural linguistic analysis and sociolinguistic perspectives, the Element reveals how Nigerian English reflects the cultural identities, communicative practices, and cognitive worlds of its speakers. In doing so, it advances scholarship on World Englishes and contributes to broader discussions of linguistic variation and change in contemporary global contexts.
Cultivating Growth Mindset as a Leadership Catalyst

Cultivating Growth Mindset as a Leadership Catalyst
  • A Practical Capacity-Building Learning Ecosystem for Accelerating Leadership and Advancing Practice
  • Angela Pittman-Vanderweide
  • Published online:
    15 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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The Afterlife of a Fascist Murder

The Afterlife of a Fascist Murder
  • Giacomo Matteotti in Myth and Memory, 1924–2024
  • Amy King
  • Published online:
    15 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • The year 2024 marked a century since socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti's assassination. Widely commemorated in Italy, he's often remembered within a national narrative of antifascist resistance. But how was this narrative built and how has the far right responded? This Element traces the construction and mobilisation of Matteotti's memory over the last century, analysing the role of grief in the early antifascist movement, and identifying the role memory played in bringing together Allies, partisans and political parties during the construction of the democratic Republic. Based on primary sources from international archives, it also adds a transnational lens to the study of a figure so often thought of in national terms. The Element closes by examining how far-right parties whose lineage traces back to Mussolini's regime have engaged with the afterlife of a man whose murder is an evergreen reminder of the centrality of violence to Fascism in its earliest days.
Heidegger on Sociality

Heidegger on Sociality
  • Noam Cohen
  • Published online:
    14 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • What does it mean to be in the world with others? To what degree is sociality a dimension of our experience? This Element explores the social aspects of our experience as shared and common, focusing on Heidegger's thought on this theme in the period surrounding the publication of Being and Time. It begins by situating Heidegger's position in contrast to alternative phenomenological conceptions of the relations between self and others. From there, it continues to address a key challenge to Heidegger's approach: the problem of Dasein's individuation. Finally, in response to this challenge, the work reframes Heidegger's conception of sociality through the prism of part-whole relations. As social, Dasein emerges as a dependent part of an unfolding shared whole, yet as part of a complex social context, it retains its relative wholeness.
Who Governs Deep-Sea Mining?

Who Governs Deep-Sea Mining?
  • A Battle Between Global Governance and National Governance
  • Lai-Ha Chan, Pak K. Lee
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • As China-United States competition over critical minerals intensifies, interest in deep-sea mining (DSM) in areas beyond national jurisdiction grows rapidly. However, who governs it? This Element offers a pioneering study of the relationship between global and national governance of DSM. Using a constructivist-interpretive approach, it unpacks the international DSM regime established under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which posits that the deep seabed is the 'common heritage of humankind', and contrasts it with the USA's preference for 'freedom of the high seas'. It explores how the International Seabed Authority (ISA), the USA and China interpret these social constructs' meanings when developing the DSM Mining Code. Although Washington's unilateral action to pursue DSM may speed up the finalisation of the Mining Code, the future of DSM remains uncertain due to mounting concerns about its commercial viability. A moratorium is emerging as the mainstream direction.
Views of Roman History

Views of Roman History
  • William Whitehead’s The Roman Father and Historical Culture in Eighteenth-Century Britain
  • Leo Shipp
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • William Whitehead's The Roman Father (1750) was the most prominent Roman play in late eighteenth-century Britain, and highly revealing of how Britons engaged with Roman history. This Element begins by surveying all eighteenth-century Roman plays, and shows that they focused on what it calls 'the transhistorical Roman character', typically set against a more historically-specific depiction of Rome. It proceeds to explore The Roman Father's text, reviews, performance history, and links to other aspects of historical culture. It argues that, of the three attitudes to history present in eighteenth-century Britain – the exemplary, historicist, and sentimentalist – all three were active in the theatrical context, but took genre-specific forms. Nonetheless, the changing attitudes visible in the theatre between 1750 and 1800 testify to changing attitudes to Roman history outside the theatre too: the decline of the exemplary attitude and the transhistorical Roman character, and the increasing prevalence of historicism and sentimentalism.
The Refugee Trap

The Refugee Trap
  • The Economics of Displacement
  • Alexander Betts, Naohiko Omata, Jade Siu, Olivier Sterck
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • Refugee movements are one of the defining issues of the Twenty-First Century. But what difference does it actually make to be a refugee? To what extent are refugees economically distinctive compared to citizens or other groups of migrants? Drawing upon original data collected in camps and cities across East Africa, The Refugee Trap shows that becoming a refugee changes the economic constraints people face in important ways; they confront a series of poverty traps that make them systematically worse off compared to citizens. These relate to trauma, dispossession, uprootedness, and rights. By understanding the mechanisms underlying these traps, we can in turn identify the policy interventions needed to support restoration, and thereby address the sources of economic disadvantage that result from forced displacement. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Deescalating a Trade War

Deescalating a Trade War
  • Strategies of Reciprocation amid US-China Great Power Competition
  • Kai Quek, Eddy S. F. Yeung
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • Reciprocation is central to conflict deescalation. How a country reciprocates-and how its domestic public and international rival respond to its reciprocation-can play an important role in shaping the trajectory of conflicts. Moving beyond conventional understandings in international relations that focus on balanced reciprocity between states, we propose two additional general forms of reciprocation: semi-reciprocity (reciprocation perceivably less than received) and super-reciprocity (more than received). We situate our theory in a hard case for deescalation, the US-China trade war, where relative-gains concerns are salient amid great power rivalry. Employing novel dyadic experiments that capture strategic interactions between states, we show, for the first time, how different strategies of reciprocation shape the domestic feasibilities of deescalation. The findings reveal how different forms and sequences of reciprocation shape the prospect of rapprochement, shedding light on the public dynamics underlying different pathways of deescalating a trade war that has profoundly impacted the world.
The Diarist in <i>Stages on Life's Way</i>

The Diarist in Stages on Life's Way
  • Kevin Hoffman
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • Kierkegaard's Stages on Life's Way belongs to what by 1845 can be understood as the romantic tradition, itself containing members related by both blood and adoption to those in the Christian tradition. By far the greatest portion of this Element is devoted to the portrait of an ethically enervated, anonymous troubadour turned troglodyte whose peculiar diary is accidentally found locked in a box with the key inside at the bottom of a pond. To bring up and out what animates this central character, the initial portions of stages on the despairing ambivalence of a group of tipsy bachelors and the pedantic moralizing of an anonymous husband unfold the interpersonal ideals at play in pursuit of a meaningful life all told. Following suit, the diary recounts a troubled love affair, which is, as Kierkegaard says elsewhere, 'always a usable theme in relation to what it means to exist.'
The Muslim World in International Relations

The Muslim World in International Relations
  • Discourse, Power, and Pluralism in Global Politics
  • Sefa Secen, Turan Kayaoglu
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • Does the 'Muslim World' signify a geopolitical bloc, a civilizational unit, or a theological ideal? This Element interrogates the concept of the Muslim World as a persistent yet under-theorized category in International Relations (IR). Although widely invoked in policy discourse, academic literature, and public debate, the term often functions as a geopolitical shorthand that essentializes Muslim-majority societies and obscures their internal diversity. Rather than accepting or rejecting the term outright, this Element offers a critical reconstruction. Drawing on constructivist IR theory, postcolonial studies, and Islamic intellectual traditions, we reconceptualize the Muslim World as a transnational public sphere shaped by shared debates, symbols, institutions, and histories that generate varying degrees of referential coherence across societies. By treating the Muslim World as historically contingent, internally plural, and relational rather than fixed or monolithic, this Element advances the agenda of Global IR and the project of 'worlding beyond the West.'
History of the Humanities

History of the Humanities
  • A New Field of Study
  • Herman Paul
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • This Element is a newcomer's guide to the history of the humanities. Surveying the types of work in which historians of the humanities engage, it shows that (1) they expand horizons by inviting scholars to look beyond their own discipline; (2) they tell stories that provide historical answers to the question of what the humanities are; (3) they trace origins by explaining where the humanities come from; (4) they provide direction by suggesting what the humanities might do in times of 'crisis'; and (5) they address challenges, such as tensions between methods, viewpoints, and vocabularies. Mapping current trends and identifying areas for future research, this Element offers both a state-of-the-art survey and a rationale for examining the humanities through historical lenses.
The Poet-Physician

The Poet-Physician
  • George Crabbe and Medicine
  • Yimon Lo
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    31 August 2026
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  • This Element offers the first comprehensive study of George Crabbe's engagement with medical thought and practice in his poetry. Drawing on his interest in illness, care, and healing as a trained physician, surgeon, apothecary, and obstetrician, it addresses how his medical expertise and awareness inform his assessment of social problems, his perspective on the role of a poet, and his views on education and religion. The study examines the intersection between Crabbe's poetic achievement and medical discourse in advancing humanist healing for mind and soul, and explores how his verse registers systemic and ethical issues surrounding poverty, addiction, intoxication, and madness through an unsentimental and truthful style. By tracing the moral and social implications of the connection between medical vision and poetic philosophy, it recovers Crabbe as a significant poet-physician of the long eighteenth century and invites renewed attention to the cultural work of his poetry in health and medicine.
Textual Genealogies and Shakespeare's History Plays

Textual Genealogies and Shakespeare's History Plays
  • Gary Taylor, John V. Nance
  • Published online:
    13 July 2026
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    20 August 2026
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  • This Element reconsiders the historical, theoretical, racial, ableist, and editorial problem of genealogy by analyzing to-be-spoken genealogies in two plays in the 1623 Shakespeare First Folio: the 'Salic Law' speech in Henry V and the 'seven sons' scene in Henry VI, Part Two. Both passages also exist in a significantly variant version in The Chronicle history of Henry the fift (1600) and The First Part of the Contention (1594). The differences between the two versions of the biological/bloodline genealogy have been central to the long-dominant theory of 'bad quartos'. That theory assumes that early modern chroniclers and playwrights shared the values of modern archival historians: they assume that Shakespeare prioritized accuracy over acting. The authors offer an alternative reading of genealogies written to be performed onstage as 'documentary effects', adapted for changing audiences in a new multimedia entertainment industry. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Why Do Corporations Exist?

Why Do Corporations Exist?
  • Jang-Sup Shin
  • Published online:
    10 July 2026
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    06 August 2026
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  • Corporations are the engine of the modern economy, yet public debates are ideologically polarized between two extremes-shareholder value theory and stakeholder theory-and the real workings of corporations and their contributions to society are obscured. This book attempts to break the shackles of these two ideologies. It starts from the 'Two Corporate Axioms' that any reasonably well-informed person should accept, i.e., the dominance of corporations and the existence of market competition. It then derives the 'Eight Corporate Theorems' as logical extensions of the axioms and, based on these theorems, re-examines major issues surrounding corporations, including their purpose and governance. To make this construct more realistic, the book weaves the theorems into the story of an imaginary AI company, starting as a venture company and expanding eventually into a multi-planetary enterprise. This book concludes by offering a vision of the corporation as a long-term community for co-prosperity.
The Logic of Group Voting

The Logic of Group Voting
  • How Ethnic Group Characteristics Impact Bloc Voting across Political Institutions
  • Paul Friesen
  • Published online:
    10 July 2026
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    06 August 2026
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  • While the politicization of ethnic identities is readily observed around the world, a generalized understanding of what makes members of a particular group more likely to coordinate their votes towards a single party or candidate remains elusive. This Element scrutinizes voting patterns at the social group level based on individual-level survey data and controlling for country-level variables across 115 countries. The findings highlight how the characteristics of ethnic groups, especially size and crosscutting patterns, interact within political institutions. Three group-level characteristics are especially influential to bloc voting – stronger geographic concentration, greater internal alignment of group members across other identity dimensions, and groups whose members are more distinctive across identity dimensions compared to the broader population. When analyzed across political institutions, the highest rates of bloc voting occur among small groups with low crosscutting in permissive settings and medium groups with low crosscutting in restrictive settings.
Stillbirth

Stillbirth
  • Uma M. Reddy, Christy Gandhi
  • Published online:
    09 July 2026
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    31 July 2026
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  • Stillbirth, especially unpredicted losses in the antepartum period defined as intrauterine fetal demise after twenty weeks gestation, remains sadly a too common event during pregnancy. Dr. Gandhi and Professor Reddy detail the epidemiology and review the impact of proactive interventions both in preparation for and during pregnancy to lower stillbirth rates. The clinical management of a pregnancy affected by this tragedy. The authors address a growing understanding of causes seen clinically and those unseen (e.g. genetic abnormalities, viral infection, fetal hypoxia in a normally grown fetus, etc). The detailed approach to stillbirth during the index pregnancy seeks to maximize the discovery of the underlying causes to provide solace to the grieving family and to prepare for any additions to prenatal care for any subsequent pregnancies.

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