Alvar, M. (1991). Estudios de geografía lingüística. Madrid: Paraninfo.Google Scholar

Alvord, S. and Rogers, B. (2014). Miami-Cuban Spanish Vowels in Contact. Sociolinguistic Studies, 8 (1), 139–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amengual, M. (2011). Spanish and Catalan in Majorca: Are There Contact-Induced Changes in the Catalan Vowel System? In Ortiz-López, L. A. (ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 13th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 214–223.Google Scholar

Amengual, M. (2016). The Perception and Production of Language-Specific Mid-Vowel Contrasts: Shifting the Focus to the Bilingual Individual in Early Language Input Conditions. International Journal of Bilingualism, 20 (2), 133–152.Google Scholar

Barajas, J. (2014). A Sociophonetic Investigation of Unstressed Vowel Raising in the Spanish of a Rural Mexican Community (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University. Available from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/Google Scholar

Best, C. T. (1995). A Direct Realist View of Cross-Language Speech Perception. In Strange, W. (ed.), Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience : Issues in Cross-Language Research. Timonium, MD: York Press, pp. 171–206.Google Scholar

Bland, J. (2016). Speech Style, Syllable Stress, and the Second-Language Acquisition of Spanish /e/ and /o/ (Master’s thesis). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.Google Scholar

Boomershine, A. (2012). What We Know about the Sound System(s) of Heritage Speakers of Spanish: Results of a Production Study of Spanish and English Bilingual and Heritage Speakers. Paper presented at the Hispanic Linguistics Symposium 2012. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.Google Scholar

Bradlow, A. (1995). A Comparative Acoustic Study of English and Spanish Vowels. JASA, 97 (3), 1916–1924.Google Scholar

Bradlow, A. (2002). Confluent Talker- and Listener-Related Forces in Clear Speech Production. In Gussenhoven, C. and Warner, N. (eds.), Laboratory Phonology 7. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, pp. 241–273.Google Scholar

Chládková, K., Escudero, P., and Boersma, P. (2011). Context-Specific Acoustic Differences between Peruvian and Iberian Spanish Vowels. JASA, 130 (1), 416–428.Google Scholar

Cobb, K. and Simonet, M. (2015). Adult Second Language Learning of Spanish Vowels. Hispania, 98 (1), 47–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Delattre, P. (1969). An Acoustic and Articulatory Study of Vowel Reduction in Four Languages. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 7 (4), 295–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Delforge, A. (2008). Unstressed Vowel Reduction in Andean Spanish. In Colantoni, L. and Steele, J. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 107–124.Google Scholar

Disner, S. (1984). Insights on Vowel Spacing. In Maddieson, I. (ed.), Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 136–155.Google Scholar

Escudero, P. (2005). Linguistic Perception and Second Language Acquisition: Explaining the Attainment of Optimal Phonological Categorization (Doctoral dissertation). LOT Dissertation Series 113, Utrecht University.Google Scholar

Escudero, P., Boersma, P., Rauber, A., and Bion, R. (2009). A Cross-Dialect Acoustic Description of Vowels: Brazilian versus European Portuguese, JASA, 126 (3), 1379–1393.Google Scholar

Ferguson, S. and Kewley-Port, D. (2007). Talker Differences in Clear and Conversational Speech: Acoustic Characteristics of Vowels. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 1241–1255.Google Scholar

Flege, J. E. (1995). Second Language Speech Learning: Theory, Findings, and Problems. In Strange, W. (ed.), Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in Cross-Language Research. Timonium, MD: York Press, pp. 233–277.Google Scholar

Godínez, M. (1978). A Comparative Study of Some Romance Vowels. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 41, 3–19.Google Scholar

Grijalva, C., Piccinini, P., and Arvaniti, A. (2013). The Vowel Spaces of Southern Californian English and Mexican Spanish as Produced by Monolinguals and Bilinguals. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, 19. Retrieved from scitation.aip.org/content/asa/journal/poma/19/1/10.1121/1.4800752CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harmegnies, B. and Poch-Olivé, D. (1992). A Study of Style-Induced Vowel Variability: Laboratory versus Spontaneous Speech in Spanish. Speech Communication, 11 (4–5), 429–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Henríquez Ureña, P. (1938). El español en Méjico, los Estados Unidos y la América Central. Buenos Aires: Biblioteca de Dialectología Hispanoamericana.Google Scholar

Hillenbrand, J., Getty, L. A., Clark, M. J., and Wheeler, K. (1995). Acoustic Characteristics of American English Vowels. JASA, 97, 3099–3111.Google Scholar

Holmquist, J. (1985). Social Correlates of a Linguistic Variable: A Study in a Spanish Village. Language in Society, 14, 191–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holmquist, J. (1998). High Lands – High Vowels: A Sample of Men’s Speech in Rural Puerto Rico. In Paradis, C., Vincent, D., Deshaies, D., and LaForest, M. (eds.), Papers in Sociolinguistics: NWAVE-26 à l’Université Laval. Quebec: Université Laval, pp. 73–79.Google Scholar

Holmquist, J. (2005). Social Stratification in Women’s Speech in Rural Puerto Rico: A Study of Five Phonological Features. In Sayahi, L. (ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 1st Workshop in Spanish Sociolinguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 109–119.Google Scholar

House, A. S. and Fairbanks, G. (1953). The Influence of Consonant Environment upon the Secondary Acoustical Characteristics of Vowels. JASA, 25, 105–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hualde, J. I. (2005). The Sounds of Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Jurado, M. and Arenas, M. (2005). La fonética del español: Análisis e investigación de los sonidos del habla. Buenos Aires: Editorial Quorum.Google Scholar

Konopka, K. and Pierrehumbert, J. B. (2010). Vowel dynamics of Mexican Heritage English: Language Contact and Phonetic Change in a Chicago Community. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 46 (2), 127–141. Retrieved from www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jpierrehumbert/publications/CLS_2010_MHE_dynamics.pdfGoogle Scholar

Lehiste, I. (1970). Suprasegmentals. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Lope Blanch, J. (1963). En torno a las vocales caedizas del español mexicano. Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, 17, 1–19.Google Scholar

Mack, S. (2009) Socially Stratified Phonetic Variation and Perceived Identity in Puerto Rican Spanish (Doctoral dissertation). University of Minnesota.Google Scholar

Marín Gálvez, R. (1995). La duración vocálica en español. ELUA, 10, 213–226.Google Scholar

Martín Butragueño, P. (2014). Vocales en contexto. In Herrera, E. and Barriga, R. (eds.), Homenaje a Thomas C. Smith-Stark. Mexico City: El Colegio de México, pp. 971–992.Google Scholar

Martínez Celdrán, E. (1984). Fonética. Barcelona: Teide.Google Scholar

Martínez Celdrán, E. (1995). En torno a las vocales del español: Análisis y reconocimiento. Estudios de Fonética Experimental, 7, 195–218.Google Scholar

Matluck, J. (1952). La pronunciación del español en el valle de México. Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, 6 (2), 109–120.Google Scholar

Menke, M. and Face, T. (2010). Second Language Spanish Vowel Production: An Acoustic Analysis. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 3 (1), 181–214.Google Scholar

Moon, S.-J. and Lindblom, B. (1994). Interaction between Duration, Context, and Speaking Style in English Stressed Vowels. JASA, 96, 40–55.Google Scholar

Mora, J. C., Keidel, J., and Flege, J. (2015). Effects of Spanish Use on the Production of Catalan Vowels by Early Spanish–Catalan Bilinguals. In Romero, J. and Riera, M. (eds.), The Phonetics–Phonology Interface: Representations and Methodologies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 33–54.Google Scholar

Morrison, G. (2004). An Acoustic and Statistical Analysis of Spanish Mid-Vowel Allophones. Estudios de Fonética Experimental, 13, 11–37.Google Scholar

Morrison, G. and Escudero, P. (2007). A Cross-Dialect Comparison of Peninsular- and Peruvian-Spanish Vowels. Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences: Saarbrücken 2007. Retrieved from http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1006/1006.pdf (last access November 1, 2017).Google Scholar

Nadeu, M. (2014). Stress- and Speech Rate-Induced Vowel Quality Variation in Catalan and Spanish. Journal of Phonetics, 46, 1–22.Google Scholar

Navarro Tomás, T. (1918). Manual de pronunciación española (12th edn). Madrid: CSIC.Google Scholar

Oliver Rajan, J. (2007). Mobility and its Effects on Vowel Raising in the Coffee Zone of Puerto Rico. In Holmquist, J., Lorenzino, A., and Sayahi, L. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 44–52.Google Scholar

O’Rourke, E. (2010). Dialect Differences and the Bilingual Vowel Space in Peruvian Spanish. In Ortega-Llebaria, O. (ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 20–30.Google Scholar

Osle Ezquerra, A. (2015). The Impact of Sexual Orientation on the Pronunciation of Stressed Vowels in Peninsular Spanish: An Acoustic Analysis. Sociolinguistic Studies, 9 (1), 137–150.Google Scholar

Peterson, G. E. and Lehiste, I. (1960). Duration of Syllable Nuclei in English. JASA, 32, 693–703.Google Scholar

Poch-Olivé, D., Harmegnies, B., and Butragueño, P. (2008). Influencia del estilo de habla sobre las características de las realizaciones vocálicas en el español de la ciudad de México. Actas del XV Congreso Internacional de la Asociación de Lingüística y Filología de América Latina (ALFAL), Montevideo, Uruguay, 18–21 de agosto de 2008, CD 6–7.Google Scholar

Quilis, A. and Esgueva, M. (1983). Realización de los fonemas vocálicos españoles en posición fonética normal. In Esgueva, M. and Cantarero, M. (eds.), Estudios de fonética. Madrid: CSIC, pp. 159–251.Google Scholar

Recasens, D. (1987). An Acoustic Analysis of V-to-C and V-to-V Coarticulatory Effects in Catalan and Spanish VCV Sequences. Journal of Phonetics, 15, 299–312.Google Scholar

Ronquest, R. (2012). An Acoustic Analysis of Heritage Spanish Vowels (Doctoral dissertation). Indiana University.Google Scholar

Ronquest, R. (2013). An Acoustic Examination of Unstressed Vowel Reduction in Heritage Spanish. In Howe, C., Blackwell, S., and Lubbers Quesada, M. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 15th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 151–171.Google Scholar

Ronquest, R. (2016). Stylistic Variation in Heritage Spanish Vowel Production. Heritage Language Journal, 13 (2), 275–297.Google Scholar

Sadowsky, S. (2012). Sociolinguistic Stratification and Phonetic Description of the Vowel Allophones of Chilean Spanish (Doctoral dissertation). Universidad de Concepción.Google Scholar

Servín, E. and Rodríguez, M. (2001). Estructura formántica de las vocales del español de la ciudad de México. In Herrera, E. (ed.), Temas de fonética instrumental. Mexico City: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Lingüísticos y Literarios, pp. 39–58.Google Scholar

Simonet, M. (2011). Production of a Catalan-Specific Vowel Contrast by Early Spanish–Catalan Bilinguals. Phonetica, 68 (1–2), 88–110.Google Scholar

Skelton, R. B. (1969). The Pattern of Spanish Vowel Sounds. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 7, 231–237.Google Scholar

Smiljanić, R. and Bradlow, A. (2005). Production and Perception of Clear Speech in Croatian and English. JASA, 118, 1677–1688.Google Scholar

Soto-Barba, J. (2007). Variación del F1 y del F2 en las vocales del español urbano y rural de la provincia de Ñuble. RLA, 45 (2), 143–165.Google Scholar

Stevens, K. N. and House, A. S. (1963). Perturbation of Vowel Articulations by Consonantal Context: An Acoustics Study. Journal of Speech Hearing Research, 6, 111–128.Google Scholar

Valdés, G. (2005). Bilingualism, Heritage Language Learners, and SLA Research: Opportunities Lost or Seized? The Modern Language Journal, 89 (3), 410–426.Google Scholar

Willis, E. (2005). An Initial Examination of Southwest Spanish Vowels. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 24 (1/2), 185–198.Google Scholar

Willis, E. (2008). No se comen, pero sí se mascan: Variación de las vocales plenas en la República Dominicana. Actas del XV Congreso Internacional de la Asociación de Lingüística y Filología de América Latina (ALFAL), Montevideo, Uruguay, 18–21 de agosto de 2008, CD 6–7.Google Scholar

Aguilar, L. (1997). De la vocal a la consonante. Santiago de Compostela: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.Google Scholar

Alarcos Llorach, E. (1965). Fonología española. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar

Alba, O. (1982). Función del acento en el proceso de elisión de la /s/ en la República Dominicana. In Alba, O. (ed.), El español del Caribe: Ponencias del VI Simposio de Dialectología. Santiago: Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, pp. 17–26.Google Scholar

Alba, O. (1990). Variación fonética y diversidad social en el español dominicano de Santiago. Santiago: Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra.Google Scholar

Alba, O. (2004). Cómo hablamos los dominicanos: Un enfoque sociolingüístico. Santo Domingo: Grupo León Jimenes.Google Scholar

Amastae, J. (1989). The Intersection of s-Aspiration/Deletion and Spirantization in Honduran Spanish. Language Variation and Change, 1, 169–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baković, E. (1997). Strong Onsets and Spanish Fortition. In Giordano, C. and Ardron, D. (eds.), Proceedings of the 6th Student Conference in Linguistics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, pp. 21–39.Google Scholar

Baković, E. (2000). Nasal Place Neutralization in Spanish. In Minnic Fox, M., Williams, A., and Kaiser, E. (eds.), Proceedings of the 24th Annual Penn Linguistics Colloquium. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, pp. 1–12.Google Scholar

Balam, O. (2013). Overt Language Attitudes and Linguistic Identities among Multilingual Speakers in Northern Belize. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 6 (2), 247–277.Google Scholar

Beaton, M. (2015). Coda Liquid Production and Perception in Puerto Rican Spanish (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University.Google Scholar

Blecua, B. (2001). Las vibrantes del español: Manifestaciones acústicas y procesos fonéticos (Doctoral dissertation). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.Google Scholar

Boomershine, A. (2006). Perceiving and Processing Dialectal Variation in Spanish: An Exemplar Theory Approach. In Klee, C. and Face, T. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 58–72.Google Scholar

Bradley, T. G. (1999). Assibilation in Ecuadorian Spanish: A Phonology-Phonetics Account. In Authier, M., Bullock, B., and Reed, L. (eds.), Formal Perspectives on Romance Linguistics. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 57–71.Google Scholar

Bradley, T. G. (2004). Gestural Timing and Rhotic Variation in Spanish Codas. In Face, T. (ed.), Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 197–224.Google Scholar

Bradley, T. G. (2005). Sibilant Voicing in Highland Ecuadorian Spanish. Lingua(gem), 2, 9–42.Google Scholar

Bradley, T. G. and Delforge, A. M. (2006). Systemic Contrast and the Diachrony of Spanish Sibilant Voicing. In Gess, R. and Arteaga, D. (eds.), Historical Romance Linguistics: Retrospective and Perspectives. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 19–52.Google Scholar

Browman, C. and Goldstein, L. (1989). Articulatory Gestures as Phonological Units. Phonology, 6, 201–252.Google Scholar

Brown, E. (2005). New Mexican Spanish: Insight into the Variable Reduction of “la ehe inihial” (/s-/). Hispania, 88, 813–824.Google Scholar

Brown, E. L. and Torres Cacoullos, R. (2002). ¿Qué le vamoh aher?: Taking the Syllable out of Spanish /s/ Reduction. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics: Papers from NWAV 30, 8 (3), 17–32.Google Scholar

Bybee, J. (2001). Phonology and Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Campos-Astorkiza, R. (2014). Sibilant Voicing Assimilation in Peninsular Spanish as Gestural Blending. In Côte, M. H. and Mathieu, E. (eds.), Variation within and across Romance Languages. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 17–38.Google Scholar

Campos-Astorkiza, R. (2015). Segmental and Prosodic Conditionings on Gradient Voicing Assimilation in Spanish. In Klassen, R., Liceras, J., and Valenzuela, E. (eds.), Hispanic Linguistics at the Crossroads: Theoretical Linguistics, Language Acquisition and Language Contact. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 127–144.Google Scholar

Canfield, D. Lincoln. (1981). Spanish Pronunciation in the Americas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Carrasco, P., Hualde, J. I., and Simonet, M. (2012). Dialectal Differences in Spanish Voiced Obstruent Allophony: Costa Rican versus Iberian Spanish. Phonetica, 69, 149–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carvalho, A. M. (2006). Spanish (s) Aspiration as a Prestige Marker on the Uruguayan– Brazilian Border. Spanish in Context, 3, 85–114.Google Scholar

Chang, C. B. (2008). Variation in Palatal Production in Buenos Aires Spanish. In Westmoreland, M. and Thomas, J. A. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 54–63.Google Scholar

Chappell, W. (2013). Social and Linguistic Factors Conditioning the Glottal Stop in Nicaraguan Spanish (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University.Google Scholar

Chappell, W. (2014). Reanalyses and Hypercorrection among Extreme /s/-Reducers. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, 20 (2), Article 5.Google Scholar

Colantoni, L. (2001). Mergers, Chain Shifts and Dissimilatory Processes: Palatals and Rhotics in Argentine Spanish (Doctoral dissertation). University of Minnesota.Google Scholar

Cole, J., Hualde, J. I., and Iskarous, K. (1999). Effects of Prosodic Context on /g/ Lenition in Spanish. In Fujimura, O., Joseph, B. D., and Palek, B. (eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Linguistics and Phonetics Conference. Prague: The Karolinium Press, pp. 575–589.Google Scholar

Colina, S. (2016). On Onset Clusters in Spanish: Voiced Obstruent Underspecification and /f/. In Núñez Cedeño, R. A. (ed.), The Syllable and Stress: Studies in Honor of James W. Harris. Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 107–137.Google Scholar

Cressey, W. (1978). Spanish Phonology: A Generative Approach. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar

Dalbor, J. B. (1980). Observations on Present Day ceceo and seseo in Southern Spain. Hispania, 63 (1), 5–19.Google Scholar

Delgado-Díaz, G. and Galarza, I.. (2015). ¿Que comiste [x]amón? A Closer Look at the Neutralization of /h/ and Posterior /r/ in Puerto Rican Spanish. In Willis, E. W., Butragueño, P. Martín, and Zendejas, E. Herrera (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 6th Conference of Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 70–82.Google Scholar

Eddington, D. (2011). What are the Contextual Phonetic Variants of /β ð ɣ/ in Colloquial Spanish? Probus, 23, 1–19.Google Scholar

Erker, D. (2010). A Subsegmental Approach to Coda /s/ Weakening in Dominican Spanish. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 203, 9–26.Google Scholar

Face, T. (2008). Guide to the Phonetic Symbols of Spanish. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla.Google Scholar

File-Muriel, R. (2009). The Role of Lexical Frequency in the Weakening of Syllable-Final Lexical /s/ in the Spanish of Barranquilla, Colombia. Hispania, 92, 348–360.Google Scholar

Fontanella de Weinberg, M. B. (1995). El rehilamiento bonaerense del siglo XIX, nuevamente considerado. Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, 43 (1), 1–15.Google Scholar

García, C. (2015). Production and Perception of Intervocalic Sibilant Voicing in Highland Ecuadorian Spanish (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University.Google Scholar

Gerfen, C. (2002). Andalusian Codas. Probus, 14 (2), 303–333.Google Scholar

Goldsmith, J. (1981). Subsegmentals in Spanish Phonology: An Autosegmental Approach. In Napoli, D. (ed.), Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 1–16.Google Scholar

Gómez, R. and Molina-Martos, I. (2013). Variación yeísta en el mundo hispánico. Madrid: Iberoamericana.Google Scholar

González, C. (2002). Phonetic Variation in Voiced Obstruents in North–Central Peninsular Spanish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32, 17–31.Google Scholar

González, C. (2006). Efecto de la posición en la oración y la frecuencia léxica en /d/ final en español del País Vasco. In Face, T. and Klee, C. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 89–102.Google Scholar

Gonzalez, C. (2014). Prevocalic Fronting in Chilean and Proto-Romance. In Côte, M. H. and Mathieu, E. (eds.), Variation within and across Romance Languages. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 277–295.Google Scholar

Guitart, J. M. (1976). Markedness in a Cuban Dialect of Spanish. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar

Harris, J. W. (1969). Spanish Phonology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Harris, J. W. (1983). Syllable Structure and Stress in Spanish. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Harris, J. W. (1984a). La espirantización en castellano y la representación fonológica autosegmental. In Departament de Filologia Hispànica (ed.), Estudis Gramaticals 1. Working Papers in Linguistics. Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, pp. 149–167.Google Scholar

Harris, J. W. (1984b). Autosegmental Phonology, Lexical Phonology, and Spanish Nasals. In Aronoff, M. and Oehrle, R. (eds.), Language Sound Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 67–82.Google Scholar

Harris, J. W. and Kaisse, E. (1999). Palatal Vowels, Glides and Obstruents in Argentinian Spanish. Phonology, 16, 117–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hernández-Campoy, J. M. and Villena Ponsoda, J. A. (2009). Standardness and Nonstandardness in Spain: Dialect Attrition and Revitalization of Regional Dialects of Spanish. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 196–197, 181–214.Google Scholar

Hualde, J. I. (1989a). Procesos consonánticos y estructuras geométricas en español. Lingüística ALFAL, 1, 7–44.Google Scholar

Hualde, J. I. 1989b. Delinking Processes in Romance. In Kirschner, C. and DeCesaris, J. A. (eds.), Studies in Romance Linguistics: Selected Proceedings from the 17th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 177–193.Google Scholar

Hualde, J. I. 1997. Spanish /i/ and Related Sounds: An Exercise in Phonemic Analysis. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 27 (2), 61–79.Google Scholar

Hualde, J. I. (2004). Quasi-Phonemic Contrasts in Spanish. In Chand, V., Kelleher, A., Rodríguez, A., and Schmeiser, B. (eds.), Proceedings of the 23rd West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 374–398.Google Scholar

Hualde, J. I. (2005). The Sounds of Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hualde, J. I., Simonet, M., and Nadeu, M. (2011). Consonant Lenition and Phonological Recategorization. Laboratory Phonology, 2 (2), 301–329.Google Scholar

Jiménez Sabater, M. (1975). Más datos sobre el español en la República Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Ediciones Intec.Google Scholar

Keating, P. (1988). Underspecification in Phonetics. Phonology, 5, 275–292.Google Scholar

King, C. (2009). Language Attitudes toward Devoicing among Young Adults in Buenos Aires (Honors thesis). The Ohio State University.Google Scholar

Kochetov, A. and Colantoni, L. (2011). Spanish Nasal Assimilation Revisited: A Cross-Dialect Electropalatographic Study. Laboratory Phonology, 2, 487–523.Google Scholar

Ladefoged, P. and Johnson, K.. (2014). A Course in Phonetics (7th edn). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.Google Scholar

Ladefoged, P. and Maddieson, I.. (1996). The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Lenz, R. (1940). El español en Chile. Buenos Aires: Imprenta de la Universidad de Buenos Aires.Google Scholar

Lewis, A. M. (2001). Weakening of Intervocalic /p,t,k/ in Two Spanish Dialects: Toward the Quantification of Lenition Processes (Doctoral dissertation). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar

Lipski, J. (1985). The Spanish of Equatorial Guinea: The Dialect of Malabo and its Implications for Spanish Dialectology. Tübingen: M. Niemeyer.Google Scholar

Lipski, J. (1994). Latin American Spanish. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Lopez Alonzo, K. (2016). La producción de las róticas en el español de Bluefields, Nicaragua, una comunidad multilingüe en situación de contacto (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University.Google Scholar

López Morales, H. (1983). Lateralización de /-r/ en el español de Puerto Rico. In Philologia Hispanensia in honorem Manuel Alvar. Madrid: Gredos, pp. 387–398.Google Scholar

Lozano, M. C. (1979). Stop and Spirant Alternations: Fortition and Spirantization Processes in Spanish Phonology (Doctoral dissertation). Indiana University.Google Scholar

Martín Butragueño, P. (2013). Estructura del yeísmo en la geografía fónica de México. In Gómez, R. and Molina-Martos, I. (eds.), Variación yeísta en el mundo hispánico. Madrid: Iberoamericana, pp. 168–206.Google Scholar

Martínez Celdrán, E. (2009). Sonorización de las oclusivas sordas de una hablante murciana: Problemas que plantea. Estudios de Fonética Experimental, 28, 253–271.Google Scholar

Martínez Celdrán, E. (2013). Caracterización acústica de las aproximantes espirantes en español. Estudios de Fonética Experimental, 32, 11–35.Google Scholar

Martínez Celdrán, E. and Fernández Planas, A. M. (2007). Manual de fonética española. Barcelona: Ariel Lingüística.Google Scholar

Martínez-Celdrán, E., Fernández-Planas, A. M., and Carrera-Sabaté, J. (2003). Spanish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2), 255–260.Google Scholar

Martínez-Gil, F. (1991). The Insert/Delete Parameter, Redundancy Rules, and Neutralization Processes in Spanish. In Campos, H. and Martínez-Gil, F. (eds.), Current Studies in Spanish Linguistics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 495–571.Google Scholar

Martínez-Gil, F. (2003). Resolving Rule-Ordering Paradoxes of Serial Derivations: An Optimality Theoretical Account of the Interaction of Spirantization and Voicing Assimilation in Peninsular Spanish. In Kempchinsky, P. and Piñeros, C. E. (eds.), Theory, Practice and Acquisition. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 40–67.Google Scholar

Martínez-Gil, F. (2012). Main Phonological Processes. In Hualde, J. I., Olarrea, A., and O’Rourke, E. (eds.), The Handbook of Spanish Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 111–132.Google Scholar

Mascaró, J. (1991). Iberian Spirantization and Continuant Spreading. Catalan Working Papers in Linguistics, 1, 167–179.Google Scholar

Michnowicz, J. (2008). Final Nasal Variation in Merida, Yucatan. Spanish in Context, 5 (2), 278–303.Google Scholar

Michnowicz, J. (2009). Intervocalic Voiced Stops in Yucatan Spanish: A Case of Contact Induced Language Change? In Lacorte, M. and Leeman, J. (eds.), Español en Estados Unidos y en otros contextos de contacto: Sociolingüística, ideología y pedagogía. Madrid: Iberoamericana, pp. 67–84.Google Scholar

Michnowicz, J. (2011). Dialect Standardization in Merida, Yucatan: The Case of /bdg/. Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana, 18, 191–212.Google Scholar

Moreno de Alba, J. G. (1994). La pronunciación del español en México. Mexico City: El Colegio de México, Serie de Estudios de Dialectología Mexicana.Google Scholar

Moreno-Fernández, F. (2009). La lengua española en sus geografías. Madrid: Arco/Libros.Google Scholar

Morgan, T. A. (1998). The Linguistic Parameters of /s/-Insertion in Dominican Spanish: A Case Study in Qualitative Hypercorrection. In Gutierrez-Rexach, J. and del Valle, J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1st Hispanic Linguistics Colloquium. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University, pp. 79–96.Google Scholar

Morgan, T. (2010). Sonidos en contexto. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Nadeu, M. and Hualde, J. I. (2015). Biomechanically-Conditioned Variation at the Origin of Diachronic Intervocalic Voicing. Language and Speech, 58 (3), 351–370.Google Scholar

Navarro Tomás, T. (1948). El español en Puerto Rico. San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.Google Scholar

Navarro Tomás, T. (1977). Manual de pronunciación española (19th edn). Madrid: CSIC, Instituto “Miguel de Cervantes.”Google Scholar

O’Brien, V. (2013). Rhotic Production and Contrast in Equatorian Guinean Spanish (M.A. paper). The Ohio State UniversityGoogle Scholar

O’Rourke, E. and Fafulas, S. (2015). Spanish in Contact in the Peruvian Amazon: An Examination of Intervocalic Voiced Stops. In Willis, E. et al. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 145–162.Google Scholar

Oroz, R. (1966). La lengua castellana en Chile. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta de la Universidad de Chile.Google Scholar

Ortega-Llebaria, M. (2004). Interplay between Phonetic and Inventory Constraints in the Degree of Spirantization of Voiced Stops: Comparing Intervocalic / b/ and Intervocalic /g/ in Spanish and English. In Face, T. (ed.), Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, pp. 237–253.Google Scholar

Parrell, B. (2012). The Role of Gestural Phasing in Western Andalusian Spanish Aspiration. Journal of Phonetics, 40 (1), 37–45.Google Scholar

Penny, R. (2000). Variation and Change in Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Piñeros, C. E. (2002). Markedness and Laziness in Spanish Obstruents. Lingua, 112, 379–413.Google Scholar

Piñeros, C. E. (2006). The Phonology of Nasal Consonants in Five Spanish Dialects. In Martínez-Gil, F. and Colina, S. (eds.), Optimality-Theoretic Studies in Spanish Phonology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 146–171.Google Scholar

Quesado Pacheco, M. A. (ed.) (2010). El español hablado en América Central. Madrid: Iberoamericana.Google Scholar

Quilis, A. (1993). Tratado de fonología y fonética españolas. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar

Ramos-Pellicia, M. F. (2007). Lorain Puerto Rican Spanish and “r” in Three Generations. In Holmquist, J., Lorenzino, A., and Sayahi, L. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 53–60.Google Scholar

Ramsammy, M. (2011). An Acoustic Investigation of Nasal Place Neutralisation in Spanish: Default Place Assignment and Phonetic Underspecification. In Herschensohn, J. (ed.), Romance Linguistics 2010. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 33–48.Google Scholar

Ramsammy, M. (2013). Word-Final Nasal Velarisation in Spanish. Journal of Linguistics, 49, 215–255.Google Scholar

Rohena-Madrazo, M. (2011). Sociophonetic Variation in the Production and Perception of Obstruent Voicing in Buenos Aires Spanish (Doctoral dissertation). New York University.Google Scholar

Rohena-Madrazo, M. (2015). Diagnosing the Completion of a Sound Change: Phonetic and Phonological Evidence for /ʃ/ in Buenos Aires Spanish. Language Variation and Change, 27, 287–317.Google Scholar

Schmidt, L. B. (2011). Acquisition of Dialectal Variation in a Second Language: L2 Perception of Aspiration of Spanish /s/ (Doctoral dissertation). Indiana University.Google Scholar

Schmidt, L. B. (2013). Regional Variation in the Perception of Sociophonetic Variants of Spanish /s/. In Beaudrie, S. and Carvalho, A. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 189–202.Google Scholar

Schmidt, L. B. and Willis, E. (2011). Voicing Assimilation of Spanish /s/ in Mexico City. In Alvord, S. (ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 1–20.Google Scholar

Simonet, M., Rohena-Madrazo, M., and Paz, M. (2008). Preliminary Evidence of Incomplete Neutralization of Coda Liquids in Puerto Rican Spanish. In Colantoni, L. and Steele, J. (eds.), Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology III. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 72–86.Google Scholar

Terrell, T. D. (1979). Final /s/ in Cuban Spanish. Hispania, 62, 599–612.Google Scholar

Terrell, T. (1986). La desaparición de /s/ posnuclear a nivel léxico en el habla dominicana. In Núñez Cedeño, R., Páez Urdaneta, I., and Guitart, J. (eds.), Estudios sobre la fonología del español del Caribe. Caracas: La Casa de Bello, pp. 117–134.Google Scholar

Torreira, F. (2012). Investigating the Nature of Aspirated Stops in Western Andalusian Spanish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42, 49–63.Google Scholar

Torreira, F. and Ernestus, M. (2011). Realization of Voiceless Stops and Vowels in Conversational French and Spanish. Laboratory Phonology, 2 (2), 331–353.Google Scholar

Torreira, F. and Ernestus, M. (2012). Weakening of Intervocalic /s/ in the Nijmegen Corpus of Casual Spanish. Phonetica, 69, 124–148.Google Scholar

Whitley, M. S. (1995). Spanish Glides, Hiatus, and Conjunction Lowering. Hispanic Linguistics, 6/7, 355–385.Google Scholar

Willis, E. (2007). An Acoustic Study of the “Pre-Aspirated Trill” in Narrative Cibaeño Dominican Spanish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37, 33–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wolf, C. and Jiménez, E. (1979). El ensordecimiento del yeísmo porteño. In Barrenechea, A. M., (ed.), Estudios lingüísticos y dialectológicos. Buenos Aires: Hachette, pp. 115–145.Google Scholar

Zampaulo, A. (2013). When Synchrony Meets Diachrony: (Alveolo)palatal Sound Patterns in Spanish and other Romance Languages (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University.Google Scholar

Beckman, M. and Pierrehumbert, J. (1986). Intonational Structure in Japanese and English. Phonology, 3, 255–309.Google Scholar

Cabré, T. and Prieto, P. (2004). Prosodic and Analogical Effects in Lexical Glide Formation in Catalan. Probus, 16 (2), 113–150.Google Scholar

Carreira, M. (1988). The Structure of Palatal Consonants in Spanish. Chicago Linguistic Society, 24 (1), 73–87.Google Scholar

Cho, Y. Y. and King, T. H. (2003). Semi‐Syllables and Universal Syllabification. In Féry, C. and van de Vijver, R. (eds.), The Syllable in Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 183–212.Google Scholar

Clements, G. N. and Keyser, S. J. (1983). CV Phonology. A Generative Theory of the Syllable. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Colina, S. (2002). Interdialectal Variation in Spanish /s/ Aspiration: The Role of Prosodic Structure and Output-to-Output Constraints. In Lee, J. F., Geeslin, K. L., and Clements, J. C. (eds.), Structure, Meaning and Acquisition in Spanish: Papers from the 4th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 230–243.Google Scholar

Colina, S. (2009). Spanish Phonology: A Syllabic Perspective. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar

Davis, S. (1988). Topics in Syllable Geometry. New York: Garland Press.Google Scholar

Dell, F. and Elmedlaoui, M. (1985). Syllabic Consonants and Syllabification in Imdlawn Tashlhiyt Berber. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, 7 (2), 105–30.Google Scholar

Dryer, Matthew S. and Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) (2013). The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library. Available from http://wals.info (last access December 29, 2017).Google Scholar

Duanmu, S. (2009). Syllable Structure: The Limits of Variation. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Frisch, S., Pierrehumbert, J., and Broe, M. (2004). Similarity Avoidance and the OCP. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 22, 179–228.Google Scholar

Goldsmith, J. (1976). Autosegmental Phonology (dissertation). MIT.Google Scholar

Guerra, R. (1983). Estudio estadístico de la sílaba en español. In Esgueva, M. and Cantarero, M. (eds.), Estudios de fonética I. Madrid: CSIC, pp. 9–112.Google Scholar

Guitart, J. M. (1997). Variability, Multilectalism, and the Organization of Phonology in Caribbean Spanish Dialects. In Martínez-Gil, F. and Morales-Front, A. (eds.), Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 515–536.Google Scholar

Harris, J. W. (1983). Syllable Structure and Stress in Spanish: A Nonlinear Analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Hoard, J. (1978). Syllabication in Northwest Indian Languages, with Remarks on the Nature of Syllabic Stops and Affricates. In Bell, A. and Hooper, J. (eds.), Syllables and Segments. Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 59–72.Google Scholar

Hockett, C. F. (1955). A Manual of Phonology. Baltimore, MD: Waverly Press.Google Scholar

Hualde, J. I. (1991). On Spanish Syllabification. In Campos, H. and Martinez-Gil, F. (eds.), Current Studies in Spanish Linguistics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 475–493.Google Scholar

Hualde, J. I. and Chitoran, I. (2003). Explaining the Distribution of Hiatus in Spanish and Romanian. In Solé, M. J., Recasens, D., and Romero, J. (eds.), Proceeding of the 15th International Congress on Phonetic Sciences. Barcelona: Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, pp. 67–70.Google Scholar

Ito, J. (1986). Syllable Theory in Prosodic Phonology (dissertation). University of Massachusetts.Google Scholar

Ito, J. and Mester, R. A. (1995). Japanese Phonology. In Goldsmith, J. (ed.), The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Jiménez Sabater, M. A. (1975). Más datos sobre el español de la República Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Ediciones INTEC.Google Scholar

Kahn, D. (1976). Syllable-Based Generalizations in English Phonology (dissertation). MIT.Google Scholar

Kiparsky, P. (1982). From Cyclic Phonology to Lexical Phonology. In van der Hulst, H. and Smit, N. (eds.), The Structure of Phonological Representations (I). Dordrecht: Foris, pp. 131–175.Google Scholar

Kubozono, H. (1989). The Mora and Syllable Structure in Japanese: Evidence from Speech Errors. Language and Speech, 32, 249–278.Google Scholar

Ladefoged, P. (1967). Three Areas of Experimental Phonetics. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ladefoged, P. and Maddieson, I. (1996). The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Leben, W. (1973). Suprasegmental Phonology (dissertation). MIT.Google Scholar

Lehmann, C. (2005). Latin Syllable Structure in Typological Perspective. Journal of Latin Linguistics, 9 (1), 127–148.Google Scholar

Liberman, M. and Prince, A. S. (1977). On Stress and Linguistic Rhythm. Linguistic Inquiry, 8, 249–336.Google Scholar

Lipski, J. (1985). /s/ in Central American Spanish. Hispania, 68, 143–149.Google Scholar

Lipski, J. (2016). Spanish Vocalic Epenthesis: The Phonetics of Sonority and the Mora. In Núñez-Cedeño, N. A. (ed.), The Syllable and Stress. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 245–270.Google Scholar

Malmberg, B. (1965). Estudios de fonética hispánica. Madrid: CSIC.Google Scholar

Martínez-Gil, F. (2001). Sonority as a Primitive Phonological Feature: Evidence from Spanish Complex Onset Phonotactics. In Herschensohn, J., Mallen, E., and Zagona, K. (eds.), Features and Interfaces in Romance: Essays in Honor of Heles Contreras. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 203–22.Google Scholar

McCarthy, J. (1979). On Stress and Syllabification. Linguistic Inquiry, 10, 443–466.Google Scholar

Moreno Sandoval, A., Torre, D., Curto, N., and Torre, R. (2006). Inventario de frecuencias fonémicas y silábicas del castellano espontáneo y escrito. In Buera, L., Lleida, E., Miguel, A., and Ortegae, A. (eds.), IV Jornadas en Tecnología del Habla. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza, pp. 77–81.Google Scholar

Navarro Tomás, T. (1948). El español en Puerto Rico. San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.Google Scholar

Nespor, M. and Vogel, I. (1986). Prosodic Phonology. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar

Ohala, J. and Kawasaki-Fukumori, H. (1997). Alternatives to the Sonority Hierarchy for Explaining Segmental Sequential Constraints. In Eliasson, S. and Jahr, E. H. (eds.), Language and its Ecology. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, pp. 343–366.Google Scholar

Padgett, Jaye (2008). Glides, Vowels, and Features. Lingua, 118 (12), 1937–1955. doi: 10.1016/j.lingua.2007.10.002.Google Scholar

Pike, K. L. (1947). Phonemics: A Technique for Reducing Languages to Writing. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Piñeros, C. E. (2016). The Phonological Weight of Spanish Syllables. In Núñez-Cedeño, N. A. (ed.), The Syllable and Stress. Berlin and Boston, MA: De Gruyter, pp. 271–314.Google Scholar

Prince, A., and Smolensky, P. (2004). Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. In McCarthy, J. J. (ed.), Optimality Theory in Phonology. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 1–71.Google Scholar

Quilis, A. (1993). Tratado de fonología y fonética españolas. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar

Selkirk, E. (1978). On Prosodic Structure and its Relation to Syntactic Structure. In Fretheim, T. (ed.), Nordic Prosody II. Trondheim: Tapir, pp. 111–40.Google Scholar

Selkirk, E. (1984). Phonology and syntax. The relation between Sound and Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Selkirk, E. (1986). On Derived Domains in Sentence Phonology. Phonology Yearbook, 3, 371–405.Google Scholar

Sievers, E. (1885). An Old English Grammar (translated by Cook, A.). Boston, MA: Ginn Heath.Google Scholar

Simonet, M., Rohena-Madrazo, M., and Paz, M. (2008). Preliminary Evidence for Incomplete Neutralization of Coda Liquids in Puerto Rican Spanish. In Colantoni, L. and Steele, J. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 72–86.Google Scholar

Trigo, R. L. (1988). The Phonological Derivation and Behavior of Nasal Glides (dissertation). MIT.Google Scholar

Whitney, W. D. (1873). Oriental and Linguistic Studies. New York: Scribner, Armstrong.Google Scholar

Widdison, K. (1995). An Acoustic and Perceptual Study of the Spanish Sound Changes s > h. Rivista di Linguistica, 7, 175–90.Google Scholar

Wiltshire, C. (2006). Prefix Boundaries in Spanish Varieties: A Non-Derivational OT Account. In Colina, S. and Martínez-Gil, F. (eds.), OT Advances in Phonology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 358–377.Google Scholar

Yi, K. (1999). The Internal Structure of Korean Syllables: Rhyme or body? Korean Journal of Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, 10, 67–83.Google Scholar

Zoll, C. (1996). Parsing below the Segment in a Constraint Based Framework (dissertation). University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar

Aguilar, L., De-la-Mota, C., and Prieto, P. (eds.) (2009). Sp_ToBI Training Materials. Available from prosodia.upf.edu/sp_tobi/.Google Scholar

Armstrong, M. E. (2010). Puerto Rican Spanish Intonation. In Prieto, P. and Roseano, P. (eds.), Transcription of Intonation of the Spanish Language. Munich: Lincom Europa, pp. 155–189.Google Scholar

Armstrong, M. E. (2015). Accounting for Intonational Form and Function in Puerto Rican Spanish Polar Questions. Probus. doi: 10.1515/probus-2014-0016.Google Scholar

Beckman, M., Díaz-Campos, M., McGory, J. T., and Morgan, T. A. (2002). Intonation across Spanish, in the Tones and Break Indices Framework. Probus, 14, 9–36.Google Scholar

Estebas Vilaplana, E. and Prieto, P. (2008). La notación prosódica en español. Una revisión del Sp_ToBI. Estudios de Fonética Experimental, 17, 263–283.Google Scholar

Face, T. L. (2002). Local Intonational Marking of Contrastive Focus. Probus, 14 (1), 71–92.Google Scholar

Face, T. L. and Prieto, P. (2007). Rising Accents in Castilian Spanish: A Revision of Sp_ToBI. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics, 6 (1), 117–146.Google Scholar

Gabriel, C., Feldhausen, I., Pešková, A., Colantoni, L., Lee, S.-A., Arana, V., and Labastía, L. (2010). Argentinian Spanish Intonation. In Prieto, P. and Roseano, P. (eds.), Transcription of Intonation of the Spanish Language. Munich: Lincom, pp. 285–317.Google Scholar

Gussenhoven, C. (2004). The Phonology of Tone and Intonation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Henriksen, N., Armstrong, M. E., and García-Amaya, L. J. (2016). The Intonational Meaning of Polar Questions in Manchego Spanish Spontaneous Speech. In Armstrong, M. E., Henriksen, N., and Vanrell, M. D. M. (eds.), Intonational Grammar in Ibero-Romance: Approaches across Linguistic Subfields. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 181–206.Google Scholar

Henriksen, N. and García-Amaya, L. J. (2012). Transcription of Intonation of Jerezano Andalusian Spanish. Estudios de Fonética Experimental, 21, 109–162.Google Scholar

Hualde, J. I. (2003). El modelo métrico-autosegmental. In Prieto, P. (ed.), Teorías de la entonación. Barcelona: Ariel, pp. 155–84.Google Scholar

Hualde, J. I. (2005). The Sounds of Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hualde, J. I. (2007). Stress Removal and Stress Addition in Spanish. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics, 5 (6), 59–89.Google Scholar

Hualde, J. I. (2009). Unstressed Words in Spanish. Language Sciences, 31, 199–212.Google Scholar

Hualde, J. I. and Nadeu, M. (2014). Rhetorical Stress in Spanish. In van der Hulst, H. (ed.), Word Stress: Theoretical and Typological Issues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 228–52.Google Scholar

Hualde, J. I. and Prieto, P. (2015). Intonational Variation in Spanish: European and American Varieties. In Frota, S. and Prieto, P. (eds.), Intonation in Romance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 350–391.Google Scholar

Jun, S.-A. (ed.) (2005). Prosodic Typology: The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Jun, S.-A. (ed.) (2014). Prosodic Typology 2: The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kaisse, E. (2001). The Long Fall: An Intonational Melody of Argentinian Spanish. In Herschensohn, J., Mallen, E., and Zagona, K. (eds.), Features and Interfaces in Romance. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 148–160.Google Scholar

Krifka, M. (2008). Basic Notions of Information Structure. Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 55 (3–4): 243–276.Google Scholar

Ladd, D. R. (2008). Intonational Phonology (2nd edn). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lang-Rigal, J. (2014). A Perceptual and Experimental Phonetic Approach to Dialect Stereotypes: The tonada cordobesa of Argentina (Doctoral dissertation). University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar

Lapesa, R. (1984). Historia de la lengua española. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar

Martín Butragueño, P. and Mendoza, É. (2017, in press). Prosodic Nuclear Patterns in Narrow and Broad Focus Utterances: Pragmatic and Social Factors in Central Mexican Spanish. In García, M. and Uth, M. (eds.), Focus Realization and Interpretation in Romance and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Martínez Celdrán, E. and Fernández Planas, A. M. (eds.). (2003–2016). Atlas Multimédia de la Prosodie de l’Espace Roman. Available from stel.ub.edu/labfon/amper/.Google Scholar

Morales-Front, A. (1999). El acento. In Núñez-Cedeño, R. and Morales-Front, A. (eds.), Fonología generativa de la lengua española. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 203–230.Google Scholar

Navarro Tomás, T. (1918). Manual de pronunciación española. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Históricos.Google Scholar

Navarro Tomás, T. (1944). Manual de entonación española. New York: Spanish Institute in the United States.Google Scholar

Nielsen Hayden, T. (1994). Making Book. Framingham, MA: NESFA Press.Google Scholar

Ortiz, H., Fuentes, M., and Astruc, L. (2010). Chilean Spanish Intonation. In Prieto, P. and P. Roseano, P. (eds.), Transcription of Intonation of the Spanish Language. Munich: Lincom, pp. 255–283.Google Scholar

Pamies Bertrán, A. (1993). Acento, ritmo y lenguaje. Elementos de prosodia general y comparada (Doctoral dissertation). Universidad de Granada.Google Scholar

Pierrehumbert, J. B. (1980). The Phonetics and Phonology of English Intonation (Doctoral dissertation). MIT.Google Scholar

Pierrehumbert, J. and Beckman, M. (1988). Japanese Tone Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Prieto, P. (2015). Intonational meaning. WIRES Cognitive Science, 6, 371–381.Google Scholar

Prieto, P. and Roseano, P. (eds.) (2009–2013). Atlas interactivo de la entonación del español. Available from prosodia.upf.edu/atlasentonacion/.Google Scholar

Prieto, P. and Roseano, P. (eds.) (2010). Transcription of Intonation of the Spanish Language. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar

Prieto, P., Vanrell, M. M., Astruc, L., Payne, E., and Post, B. (2012). Phonotactic and Phrasal Properties of Speech Rhythm. Evidence from Catalan, English, and Spanish. Speech Communication, 54 (6), 681–702.Google Scholar

Quilis, A. (1981). Fonética acústica de la lengua española. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar

Quilis, A. (1987). Entonación dialectal hispánica. In HMorales, . López and Vaquero, M. (eds.), Actas del I Congreso Internacional sobre el Español de América. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española, pp. 117–163.Google Scholar

Quilis, A. (1993). Tratado de fonología y fonética españolas. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar

Ramus, F., Nespor, M., and Mehler, J. (1999). Correlates of Linguistic Rhythm in the Speech Signal. Cognition, 73, 265–292.Google Scholar

Sosa, J. M. (1999). La entonación del español. Madrid: Cátedra.Google Scholar

Vanrell, M. M. and Fernández-Soriano, O. (in press). Language Variation at the Prosody–Syntax Interface: Focus in European Spanish. In García, M. and Uth, M. (eds.), Focus Realization and Interpretation in Romance and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Vanrell, M. M., Stella, A., Gili-Fivela, B., and Prieto, P. (2013). Prosodic Manifestations of the Effort Code in Catalan, Italian and Spanish Contrastive Focus. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2), 195–220.Google Scholar

Willis, E. W. (2010). Dominican Spanish Intonation. In Prieto, P. and Roseano, P. (eds.), Transcription of Intonation of the Spanish Language. Munich: Lincom, pp. 123–153.Google Scholar

Zubizarreta, M. L. and Nava, E. (2011). Encoding Discourse-Based Meaning: Prosody vs. Syntax. Implications for Second Language Acquisition. Lingua, 121, 652–669.Google Scholar

Allen, G. and Hawkins, S. (1978). The Development of Phonological Rhythm. In Bell, A. and Hooper, J. (eds.), Syllables and Segments. Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 173–185.Google Scholar

Amengual, M. (2012). Interlingual Influence in Bilingual Speech: Cognate Status Effect in a Continuum of Bilingualism. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15 (3), 517–530.Google Scholar

Au, T., Oh, J., Knightly, L., Jun, S., and Romo, L. (2008). Salvaging a Childhood Language. Journal of Memory and Language, 58 (4), 998–1011.Google Scholar

Best, C. (1995). A Direct Realist View of Cross-Language Speech Perception: New Directions in Research and Theory. In Strange, W. (ed.), Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Theoretical and Methodological Issues. Baltimore, MD: York Press, pp. 171–204.Google Scholar

Boomershine, A., Hall, K., Hume, E., and Johnson, K. (2008). The Impact of Allophony versus Contrast on Speech Perception. In Avery, P., Dresher, E., and Rice, K. (eds.), Contrast in Phonology. Berlin: Mouton, pp. 143–172.Google Scholar

Bosch, L. and Sebastián-Gallés, N. (1997). Native-Language Recognition Abilities in Four-Month-Old Infants from Monolingual and Bilingual Environments. Cognition, 65, 33–69.Google Scholar

Bosch, L. and Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2001). Evidence of Early Language Discrimination Abilities in Infants from Bilingual Environments. Infancy, 2, 29–49.Google Scholar

Bosch, L. and Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2003). Simultaneous Bilingualism and the Perception of a Language-Specific Vowel Contrast in the First Year of Life. Language and Speech, 46, 217–243.Google Scholar

Casillas, J. and Simonet, M. (2016). Production and Perception of the English /æ/–/ɑ/ Contrast in Switched-Dominance Speakers. Second Language Research, 32 (2), 171–195.Google Scholar

Chang, C., Yao, Y., Haynes, E., and Rhodes, R. (2011). Production of Phonetic and Phonological Contrast by Heritage Speakers of Mandarin. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 129 (6), 3964–3980.Google Scholar

Dupoux, E., Pallier, C., Sebastián-Gallés, N., and Mehler, J. (1997). A Destressing “Deafness” in French? Journal of Memory and Language, 36, 406–421.Google Scholar

Dupoux, E., Peperkamp, S., and Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2010). Limits on Bilingualism Revisited: Stress “Deafness” in Simultaneous French–Spanish Bilinguals. Cognition, 114, 266–275.Google Scholar

Eilers, R., Gavin, W., and Wilson, W. (1979). Linguistic Experience and Phonemic Perception in Infancy: A Crosslinguistic Study. Child Development, 50, 14–18.Google Scholar

Eimas, P. (1975). Auditory and Phonetic Coding of the Cues for Speech: Discrimination of the [r–l] Distinction by Young Infants. Perception and Psychophysics, 18, 341–347.Google Scholar

Elvin, J., Escudero, P., and Vasiliev, P. (2014). Spanish is Better than English for Discriminating Portuguese Vowels: Acoustic Similarity versus Vowel Inventory Size. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–8.Google Scholar

Escudero, P. and Boersma, P. (2004). Bridging the Gap between L2 Speech Perception Research and Phonological Theory. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26 (4), 551–585.Google Scholar

Escudero, P. and Williams, D. (2012). Native Dialect Influences Second‐Language Vowel Perception: Peruvian versus Iberian Spanish Learners of Dutch. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 131 (5), EL406–EL412.Google Scholar

Face, T. (2005). Syllable Weight and the Perception of Spanish Stress Placement by Second Language Learners. Journal of Language and Learning, 3 (1), 90–103.Google Scholar

Flege, J. (1995). Second Language Speech Learning: Theory, Findings and problems. In Strange, W. (ed.). Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Theoretical and Methodological Issue). Baltimore, MD: York Press, pp. 233–277.Google Scholar

Flege, J., Bohn, O., and Jang, S. (1997). Effects of Experience on Non-Native Speakers’ Production and Perception of English Vowels. Journal of Phonetics, 25 (4), 437–470.Google Scholar

Gerrits, E. and Schouten, M. (2004). Categorical Perception Depends on the Discrimination Task. Perception and Psychophysics, 66 (3), 363–376.Google Scholar

González-Barrera, A. and Lopez, M. (2013). Spanish is the Most Spoken Non-English Language in US Homes, even among Non-Hispanics. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.Google Scholar

Green, K., Zampini, M., and Magloire, J. (1997). An Examination of Word–Initial‐Stop Closure Interval in English, Spanish, and Spanish–English Bilinguals. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 102, 3136.Google Scholar

Henriksen, N. (2015). Acoustic Analysis of the Rhotic Contrast in Chicagoland Spanish: An Intergenerational Study. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 5 (3), 285–321.Google Scholar

Hochbert, J. (1988). First Steps in the Acquisition of Spanish Stress. Journal of Child Language, 15, 273–292.Google Scholar

Hoonhorst, I., Colin, C., Markessis, E., Radeau, M., Deltenre, P., and Serniclaes, W. (2009). French Native Speakers in the Making: From Language-General to Language-Specific Voicing Boundaries. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 104, 353–366.Google Scholar

Hualde, J. (2005). The Sounds of Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Huang, T. (2004). Language-Specificity In Auditory Perception of Chinese Tones (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University.Google Scholar

Johnson, K. and Babel, M. (2010). On the Perceptual Basis of Distinctive Features: Evidence from the Perception of Fricatives by Dutch and English Speakers. Journal of Phonetics, 38 (1), 127–136.Google Scholar

Johnson, K. and Mullennix, J. (1997). Talker Variability in Speech Processing. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.Google Scholar

Jusczyk, P., Friederici, A., and Wessels, J. (1993). Infants’ Sensitivity to the Sound Pattern of Native Language Words. Journal of Memory and Language, 32, 402–420.Google Scholar

Kim, J. (2011). Discrepancy between Perception and Production of Stop Consonants by Spanish Heritage Speakers in the United States (Master’s thesis). Korea University.Google Scholar

Kim, J. (2015). Perception and Production of Spanish Lexical Stress by Spanish Heritage Speakers and English L2 Learners of Spanish. In Willis, E., Martín Butragueño, P., and Herrera Zendejas, E. (eds.), Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 106–128.Google Scholar

Kissling, Elizabeth. (2015). Phonetics Instruction Improves Learners’ Perception of L2 Sounds. Language Teaching Research, 19 (3) 254–275.Google Scholar

Kuhl, P. and Iverson, P. (1995). Linguistic Experience and the “Perceptual Magnetic Effect.” In Strange, W. (ed.), Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in Cross-Language Research. Timodium, MD: York Press, pp. 121–154.Google Scholar

Kuhl, P., Conboy, B., Coffey-Corina, S., Padden, D., Rivera-Gaxiola, M., and Nelson, T. (2008). Phonetic Learning as a Pathway to Language: New Data and Native Language Magnet Theory Expanded (NLM-e). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 363 (1493), 979–1000.Google Scholar

Lasky, R., Syrdal-Lasky, A., and Klein, R. (1975). VOT Discrimination by Four to Six and a Half Month Old Infants from Spanish Environments. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 20, 215–225.Google Scholar

Logan, J. and Pruitt, J. (1995). Methodological Issues in Training Listeners to Perceive Non-Native Phonemes. In Strange, W. (ed.), Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in Cross-Language Research. Timonium, MD: York Press, pp. 351–378.Google Scholar

Mazzaro, N., Cuza, A., and Colatoni, L. (2016). Age Effects and the Discrimination of Consonantal and Vocalic Contrasts in Heritage and Native Spanish. In Tortora, C., den Dikken, M., Montoya, I., and O’Neill, T. (eds.), Romance Linguistics 2013: Selected Papers from the 43rd Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 277–300.Google Scholar

Mehler, J., Jusczyk, P., Lambertz, G., Halsted, N., Bertoncini, J., and Amiel-Tison, C., 1988. A Precursor of Language Acquisition in Young Infants. Cognition, 29, 143–178.Google Scholar

Mora, J., Keidel, J., and Flege, J. (2010). Why Are the Catalan Contrasts between /e/–/ɛ/ and /o/–/ɔ/ So Difficult for Even Early Spanish–Catalan Bilinguals to Perceive? Achievements and Perspectives in the Acquisition of Second Language Speech: New Sounds, 2, 183–193.Google Scholar

Mora, J. and Nadeu, M. (2012). L2 Effects on the Perception and Production of a Native Vowel Contrast in Early Bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 16 (4), 484–500.Google Scholar

Morgan, T. (2010). Sonidos en contexto: Una introducción a la fonética del español con especial referencia a la vida real. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Morrison, G. (2006). L1 and L2 Production and Perception of English and Spanish Vowels: A Statistical Modelling Approach (Doctoral dissertation). University of Alberta.Google Scholar

Navarra, J., Sebastián-Gallés, N., and Soto-Faraco, S. (2005). The Perception of Second Language Sounds in Early Bilinguals: New Evidence from an Implicit Measure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31 (5), 912–918.Google Scholar

Ortega-Llebaria, M. and Bosch, L. (2016). Cues to Dialectal Discrimination in Early Infancy: A Look at Prosodic, Rhythmic and Segmental Properties in Utterances from Two Catalan Dialects. In Romero, Joaquín and Riera, M. (eds.), The Phonetics–Phonology Interface: Representations and Methodologies. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 55–70.Google Scholar

Ortega-Llebaria, M., Gu, H., and Fan, J. (2013). English Speakers’ Perception of Spanish Lexical Stress: Context-Driven L2 Stress Perception. Journal of Phonetics, 41 (3), 186–197.Google Scholar

Pisoni, D. (1993). Long-Term Memory in Speech Perception: Some New Findings on Talker Variability, Speaking Rate and Perceptual Learning. Speech Communication, 13 (1), 109–125.Google Scholar

Pons, F. and Bosch, L. (2010). Stress Pattern Preference in Spanish-Learning Infants: The Role of Syllable Weight. Infancy, 15 (3), 223–245.Google Scholar

Prieto, P., van Santen, J., and Hirschberg, J. (1995). Tonal Alignment Patterns in Spanish. Journal of Phonetics, 23, 429–451.Google Scholar

Ramon-Casas, M., Fennel, C., and Bosch, L. (2016). Minimal-Pair Word Learning by Bilingual Toddlers: The Catalan /e/–/ɛ/ Contrast Revisited. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1–8. doi: 10.1017/S1366728916001115.Google Scholar

Rao, R. (2015). Manifestations of /bdg/ in heritage speakers of Spanish. Heritage Language Journal, 12 (1), 48–74.Google Scholar

Saalfeld, A. (2009). Stress in the Beginning Spanish Classroom: An Instructional Study (Doctoral dissertation). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar

Sebastián-Gallés, N. and Bosch, L. (2009). Developmental Shift in the Discrimination of Vowel Contrasts in Bilingual Infants: Is the Distribution Account All There Is To It? Developmental Science, 12 (6), 874–887.Google Scholar

Sebastián-Gallés, N., Echeverría, S., and Bosch, L. (2005). The Influence of Initial Exposure on Lexical Representation: Comparing Early and Simultaneous Bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 52 (2), 240–255.Google Scholar

Sebastián-Gallés, N and Soto-Faraco, S. (1999). Online Processing of Native and Non-Native Phonemic Contrasts in Early Bilinguals. Cognition, 72 (2), 111–123.Google Scholar

Shea, C. and Curtin, S. (2010). Discovering the Relationship between Context and Allophones in a Second Language: Evidence for Distribution-Based Learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 32, 582–606.Google Scholar

Shea, C. and Renaud, J. (2014). L2 Perception of Spanish Palatal Variants across Different Tasks. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17 (1), 203–221.Google Scholar

Skoruppa, K., Pons, F., Bosch, L., Christophe, A., Cabrol, D., and Pepperkamp, S. (2013). The Development of Word Stress Processing in French and Spanish Infants. Language Learning and Development, 9 (1), 88–104.Google Scholar

Skoruppa, K., Pons, F., Christophe, A., Bosch, L., Dupoux, E., Sebastián-Gallés, N., Limissuri, R. A., and Pepperkamp, S. (2009). Language Specific Stress Perception by 9-Month-Old French and Spanish Infants. Developmental Science, 12, 914–919.Google Scholar

Soto-Faraco, S., Sebastián-Gallés, N., and Cutler, A. (2001). Segmental and Suprasegmental Mismatch in Lexical Access. Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 412–432.Google Scholar

Werker, J. and Tees, J. (1984). Cross-Language Speech Perception: Evidence for Perceptual Reorganization during the First Year of Life. Infant Behavior and Development, 7 (1), 49–63.Google Scholar

Williams, L. (1977). The Voicing Contrast in Spanish. Journal of Phonetics, 5, 169–184.Google Scholar

Zampini, M. (1998). The Relationship between the Production and Perception of L2 Spanish Stops. Texas Papers in Foreign Language Education, 3 (3), 85–100.Google Scholar

Zampini, M., Clarke, C., and Norrix, L. (2002). Sensitivity to Voiceless Closure in the Perception of Spanish and English Stop Consonants. Paper presented at the Conference of the Acoustical Society of America, Cancún, Mexico, December 2–6.Google Scholar

Zárate-Sández, G. (2015). Perception and Production of Intonation among English–Spanish Bilingual Speakers at Different Proficiency Levels (Doctoral dissertation). Georgetown University.Google Scholar