Appendix A
List of questions and prompts used in the Qualtrics survey to elicit listeners’ background information:
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Highest level of education (describe in own words)
4. Highest degree completed (name area of specialization, e.g., MBA Finance; Ph.D. Linguistics; BA Education, etc.)
5. Professional field (choose from a dropdown list, or select “other” and define)
6. Have you ever taught Spanish?
a. If yes, what level post-secondary course level?
b. What is (are) the name(s) of the courses you have taught?
c. What education level do/did you teach (i.e., primary, secondary, postsecondary, graduate)?
7. What is your native language?
8. List other languages in order of proficiency (where “1” is the most proficient)
9. List language in order of acquisition (e.g., Spanish 0 years old; English 12 years old, etc.)
10. What is your country of residence?
11. How long have you lived in your country of residence?
12. On a scale of 1–4, in general, what is your familiarity with the way non-native speakers of Spanish use the language? (1 = not at all familiar; 2 = somewhat unfamiliar; 3 = somewhat familiar; 4 = very familiar)
13. What would matter to you the most regarding a job candidate’s Spanish-speaking abilities if you were to hire them at your institution/workplace, or to represent you professionally? (Drag and rank from most important to least important, in which 1 = most important, and 5 = least important.) [Select from “use of grammar,” “pronunciation,” “originality of ideas,” “presentation of ideas,” “consideration of audience.”]
a. Are there any other qualities of speaking abilities or the speaker you would also consider?
Appendix B Scales for Rating L2 Speakers
5 – Sounds just like native pronunciation of the language; gives the impression that they have spent years living/interacting among native-Spanish speakers; indistinguishable from a native speaker. 4 – Near-native; speaker appears to have a very strong command of Spanish pronunciation. They may not sound native, but their pronunciation gives the impression that they do/could work in a professional capacity successfully and convey expertise in their respective field. 3 – Clear; speaker is able to use Spanish and communicate comprehensibly without the assistance of an interlocutor. They may have a strong accent, but their pronunciation does not impede their ability to communicate. 2 – Sometimes hard to understand; speaker’s pronunciation may obscure comprehensibility and therefore impede communication, but they may still find strategies to communicate. Challenges with pronunciation may require the repetition of some words/phrases, or speaker may need to strategize to avoid certain articulatory contexts. 1– Difficult to understand; speaker may be knowledgeable of the Spanish language, but their limited pronunciation hinders their ability to use it. They are often incomprehensible.
5 – Extraordinary. Relatively flawless; near native; perhaps a couple mistakes with gender agreement, but otherwise, everything was right on target;
4 – Really impressive. The speaker’s command of grammar allows them to speak with facility. Very few mistakes.
3 – Good. The speaker obviously has a good command of grammar. They make occasional mistakes, but they are able to monitor their production and self-correct when necessary.
2 – Needs work. The speaker’s command of grammar inhibits their production of Spanish. They seem to avoid certain constructions / grammatical contexts, or they often stall when trying to communicate their thoughts.
1 – Not good/Problematic. The speaker did not demonstrate a working command of Spanish grammar. Their inability to produce certain complex structures prevented them from communicating and the speaker appeared to have little to say about the topic.
5 – The speaker communicated a lot of information and answered all questions without pauses or overly repetitive language. Her responses were elaborate and she provided a robust speech sample effortlessly.
4 – The speaker provided enough information to answer each question but did not necessarily communicate more than what was requested. Not very elaborate. There were a few pauses, halting speech, and a few instances of self-correction.
3 – The speaker attempted to answer each of the questions thoroughly although she had a few long pauses and didn’t provide elaborate information. Her response was slow at times and exhibited several instances of self-correction.
2 – The speaker answered some questions, but not all. Or she tried to answer all of the questions but gave few details. There was frequent pausing, and/or self-correction, which interrupted the flow of the message or diminished the quality of the content.
1 – The speaker did not answer any of the questions in a thorough or detailed manner. There were mostly long pauses and periods of silence. The interrupted flow made communication difficult unless the interlocutor is accustomed to non-native speakers.
5 – Worldly, aware of cultural differences or nuances, aware of audience, seemingly able to maneuver formal or informal exchanges appropriately; abstract thinker. Could address a wide range of nativespeaking audiences.
4 – Culturally aware, sensitive to her ability to communicate appropriately; she appears to be quite careful; she attempts to communicate appropriately for a general audience; some abstract topics may be more challenging to develop in Spanish compared to how she could if she were speaking English.
3 – Gets the job done – She provided a sufficient and complete response to the questions and then moved on. She didn’t necessarily demonstrate sophistication or cultural awareness but she did complete the task.
2 – Lacking in sophistication – The manner with which she communicated was distracting and may have obscured what she was actually trying to say. She didn’t seem concerned about impressing anyone. Her answers seemed more like a list of ideas rather than a single developed idea or thought.
1 – Unimpressive – The recording was uncomfortable to listen to; the manner with which she communicated created a sense that she was not interested in impressing a listener or was indifferent to how she would be perceived.
5 – Speaker appeared to be highly engaged and showed a genuine interest in the questions being asked and the clarity of her responses.
4 – Speaker was a good sport. She answered the questions and tried to be thorough, though she may not have been very interested in the topics.
3 – Speaker provided just what was asked for, but not more. She may have been preoccupied, or unable to devote much time to the task.
2 – Speaker probably wished she had not agreed to be in the study. She seemed eager to just answer the questions and go.
1 – Speaker did not finish the task.
5 – Distinguished – oral Spanish appears skillful, accurate, efficient, and effective. Oral production almost reflects written production, in terms of organization. Speaker is able to be creative, original, persuasive, abstract, and hypothetical, with practically no grammatical inaccuracy.
4 – Superior – Accurate, fluent, competent. Can explain complex matters in detail and provide lengthy and coherent narrations with ease and has no problem elaborating on abstract matters.
3 – Advanced – Engaged in a clearly participatory manner. Can communicate autobiographical information as well as topics of community, national, or international interest. They can communicate in all time frames and their communication is abundant. They tend to prefer concrete subject matter over abstract topics.
2 – Intermediate – Can be creative with language but are limited to talking about familiar topics related to their daily life. They could study abroad and survive. They tend to speak at the sentence level but cannot elaborate at the paragraph level of discourse. They are most understood by people who are also familiar with learning another language. They do not typically communicate in all time frames.
1 – Novice – Can communicate short messages on highly predictable, everyday topics that affect them directly. They tend to use isolated words and phrases they have memorized. They may be difficult to understand even by the most sophisticated of listeners.
Appendix C
Transcriptions of the portions of the interviews analyzed for intercultural competence:
Speaker A: (-S)
Speaker B: +S
Appendix D Logistic Regression Analysis Statistics Pertaining to the Research Questions in Chapter 3
Research Question 1
A logistic regression was performed to ascertain the effects of age, age of onset, and the number of years of study, on the likelihood that L2 learners consider linguistic structure to be the most important aspect of advanced-level L2 Spanish.
Variables in the equation
| B | S.E. | Wald | df | Sig. | Exp(B) | 95% C.I.for EXP(B) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||||||||
| Step 1Footnote a | Age | −1.880 | .536 | 12.316 | 1 | <.001 | .153 | .053 | .436 |
| AoO | .054 | .146 | .137 | 1 | .711 | 1.056 | .792 | 1.407 | |
| Familiarity(1) | .652 | 1.258 | .269 | 1 | .604 | 1.920 | .163 | 22.621 | |
| Constant | 38.472 | 12.188 | 9.963 | 1 | .002 | 5.105E+16 | |||
a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: Age, AoO, Familiarity.
Research Question 3
Logistic regressions were performed to ascertain the effects of L2 listener individual differences, age, age of onset, years of study, familiarity with L2 learning, and beliefs regarding advanced Spanish, and the cultural competence of the speaker, on the likelihood that L2 listeners will assess L2 speakers’ overall proficiency, as well as linguistic structure and sophisticated language use, to be beyond the advanced level.
Overall Proficiency
Variables in the equation
| B | 5.E. | Wald | df | Sig | Exp(B) | 95% C.I.for EXP(B) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||||||||
| Step 1Footnote a | Age | .218 | .308 | .504 | 1 | .478 | 1.244 | .681 | 2.273 |
| AoO | .114 | .154 | .544 | 1 | .461 | 1.120 | .828 | 1.516 | |
| Familiarity(1) | .804 | 1.153 | .487 | 1 | .485 | 2.235 | .233 | 21.418 | |
| Most Important(1) | 1.409 | .680 | 4.300 | 1 | .038 | 4.093 | 1.080 | 15.506 | |
| Cultural Competence | 1.592 | .555 | 8.223 | 1 | .004 | 4.914 | 1.655 | 14.588 | |
| Question Set | -.557 | .533 | 1.091 | 1 | .296 | .573 | .202 | 1.629 | |
| Constant | -10.256 | 7.651 | 1.797 | 1 | .180 | .000 | |||
a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: Age, AoO, Familiarity, Most Important, Cultural Competence, Question Set.
Grammar
Variables in the equation
| B | 5.E. | Wald | df | Sig. | Exp(B) | 95% C.I.for EXP(B) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||||||||
| Step 1Footnote a | Age | .234 | .304 | .595 | 1 | .440 | 1.264 | .697 | 2.292 |
| AoO | .334 | .159 | 4.427 | 1 | .035 | 1.396 | 1.023 | 1.905 | |
| Familiarity(1) | 1.714 | 1.111 | 2.380 | 1 | .123 | 5.551 | .629 | 48.982 | |
| Most Important(1) | .830 | .621 | 1.782 | 1 | .182 | 2.292 | .678 | 7.747 | |
| Cultural Competence | 1.663 | .523 | 10.108 | 1 | .001 | 5.273 | 1.892 | 14.696 | |
| Question Set | .000 | .508 | .000 | 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | .370 | 2.705 | |
| Constant | -14.600 | 7.768 | 3.532 | 1 | .060 | .000 | |||
a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: Age, AoO, Familiarity, Most Important, Cultural Competence, Question Set.
Fluency
Variables in the equation
| B | S.E. | Wald | df | Sig. | Exp(B) | 95% C.I.for EXP(B) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||||||||
| Step 1Footnote a | Age | -.015 | .316 | .002 | 1 | .961 | .985 | .530 | 1.830 |
| AoO | .044 | .149 | .088 | 1 | .767 | 1.045 | .781 | 1.399 | |
| Familiarity(1) | -.157 | 1.140 | .019 | 1 | .891 | .855 | .092 | 7.989 | |
| Most Important(1) | .713 | .638 | 1.246 | 1 | .264 | 2.040 | .584 | 7.129 | |
| Cultural Competence | 2.241 | .548 | 16.706 | 1 | <.001 | 9.399 | 3.210 | 27.525 | |
| Question Set | .138 | .526 | .069 | 1 | .793 | 1.148 | .410 | 3.219 | |
| Constant | -3.728 | 7.745 | .232 | 1 | .630 | .024 | |||
a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: Age, AoO, Familiarity, Most Important, Cultural Competence, Question Set.
Sophistication
Variables in the equation
| B | S.E. | Wald | df | Sig. | Exp(B) | 95% C.I.for EXP(B) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||||||||
| Step 1Footnote a | Age | .062 | .318 | .039 | 1 | .844 | 1.064 | .571 | 1.984 |
| AoO | .045 | .150 | .088 | 1 | .767 | 1.046 | .779 | 1.403 | |
| Familiarity(l) | .956 | 1.156 | .685 | 1 | .408 | 2.602 | .270 | 25.068 | |
| Most Important(l) | -.128 | .640 | .040 | 1 | .842 | .880 | .251 | 3.087 | |
| Cultural Competence | 2.388 | .538 | 19.713 | 1 | <.001 | 10.890 | 3.795 | 31.248 | |
| Question Set | .422 | .534 | .624 | 1 | .430 | 1.525 | .535 | 4.340 | |
| Constant | -6.993 | 7.829 | .798 | 1 | .372 | .001 | |||
a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: Age, AoO, Familiarity, Most Important, Cultural Competence, Question Set.
Engagement
Variables in the equation
| B | S.E. | Wald | df | Sig. | Exp(B) | 95% C.I.for EXP(B) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||||||||
| Step 1Footnote a | Age | -.226 | .324 | .486 | 1 | .486 | .798 | .423 | 1.505 |
| AoO | .286 | .159 | 3.239 | 1 | .072 | 1.331 | .975 | 1.819 | |
| Familiarity(l) | 1.381 | 1.181 | 1.368 | 1 | .242 | 3.979 | .393 | 40.273 | |
| Most Important(l) | -.914 | .671 | 1.855 | 1 | .173 | .401 | .107 | 1.494 | |
| Cultural Competence | 2.313 | .586 | 15.578 | 1 | <.001 | 10.110 | 3.205 | 31.890 | |
| Question Set | .292 | .542 | .291 | 1 | .590 | 1.340 | .463 | 3.877 | |
| Constant | -3.306 | 7.905 | .175 | 1 | .676 | .037 | |||
a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: Age, AoO, Familiarity, Most Important, Cultural Competence, Question Set.
Appendix E Questions and Prompts Used to Guide Interview with L2 Speakers
1. Cuenta una experiencia que hayas vivido.
[Talk about an interesting experience you’ve had.]
2. Describe un viaje que has hecho recientemente.
[Describe a recent trip you’ve taken.]
3. ¿Cuáles son tus planes para el futuro? ¿Qué tipo de casa quieres? ¿Qué tipo de trabajo? ¿Qué tipo de pareja? Etc.
[What are your plans for the future? What type of house do you want? What type of work? What type of partner? Etc.]
4. ¿Cómo se perciben los Estados Unidos entre otras culturas del mundo? ¿Es la percepción positiva o negativa (o las dos)? ¿Piensas que tales percepciones tienen razón? ¿Cómo?
[How is the United States perceived among other cultures in the world? Is the perception positive or negative (or both)? Do you think such perceptions are correct?]
5. Si pudieras dar consejo a los candidatos para ser presidente de los EEUU, ¿qué les dirías? ¿Cuáles sugerencias les darías?
[If you could give advice to the United States presidential candidates (Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump), what would you say to them? What suggestions would you give them?]
6. Si tuvieras la capacidad de cambiar cualquier cosa del mundo, ¿qué cambiarías? (Puedes hablar de la gente, la política, la moda, la cultura, la economía, o cualquier cosa.)
[If you were able to change anything in the world, what would you change? (You can talk about people, politics, fashion, culture, the economy, or whatever you choose.]
Appendix F Linguistics Study
Thank you for participating in these questions about yourself. All the information you provide will remain anonymous.
Then, you will be asked to read a few statements and respond to each on a scale from 1 to 6, where 1 = strongly disagree / very unlikely, and 6 = strongly agree / very likely. At the end, you will respond to a few open-ended questions.
* Required
1. Class you are filling this out for: *
___________________________________________________________
2. Instructor *
___________________________________________________________
3. What is your gender identity? *
___________________________________________________________
4. Age *
___________________________________________________________
5. Place of birth *
___________________________________________________________
6. Are you a heritage speaker of Spanish? (A heritage speaker is a person who lives in the US but was born and raised in a household where Spanish was spoken. Most or all of this person’s education was done in English) *
Mark only one oval.
Yes
No
Not sure
7. What is your native language (also known as mother tongue or first language)? *
__________________________________________________________
8. Do you speak other languages? If yes, which ones? *
__________________________________________________________
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9. What is your major? If you are a double major, mention both, please. *
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10. What is your minor? If you have more than one, mention all of them here, please. *
__________________________________________________________
11. People from Spain speak the purest form of Spanish.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
12. In my opinion, Spanish speakers should use standard Spanish to communicate all the time.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
13. I believe Spanish-speaking Hispanics in the US don’t speak correct Spanish.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
14. I feel speaking Spanish is less prestigious than speaking other foreign languages such as French.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
15. In my opinion, it’s more important for immigrants to learn English and adopt the American culture than to keep their own language and culture.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
16. If I were to give a professional presentation in Spanish, I would avoid working with a partner who has a strong English accent.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
17. After college, I would commit to reading, writing, speaking, and listening in Spanish every day to continue developing it.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
18. I believe it is important to sound as native like as possible when I speak Spanish.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
19. I believe it is more impressive if my Spanish sounds like a specific authentic dialect from a Spanish-speaking country.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
20. I believe that what I have to say is more important than how I sound when I say it.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
21. I believe that my university Spanish classes should focus on developing my ability to sound like a native speaker.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
22. I seek out and participate in extracurricular activities where I can use my Spanish.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
23. My social media presence includes the use of Spanish.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
24. I am hesitant to use my Spanish in classes where there are native Spanish speakers present.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
25. I wish there were more native Spanish speakers in my classes with me.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
26. I believe programs at the university level should have separate Spanish classes for native Spanish speakers and native English speakers.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
27. I don’t think that I sound like a true speaker of Spanish.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
28. Learning Spanish has allowed me to learn about my own culture and that of others.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
29. Learning about my culture and other people’s culture is just as important as having a high language proficiency.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
30. I am proud of myself when I speak Spanish, even when I do not sound like a native speaker.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
31. I am proud of myself when I speak Spanish, even when my grammar is not perfect.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
32. I believe that learning Spanish will make me a more global citizen.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
33. I consider myself a good speaker of Spanish.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
34. I believe that learning Spanish will help me professionally in the future.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
35. If I am speaking to a native Spanish speaker, I prefer to avoid using Spanish when discussing sensitive topics in order to avoid misunderstandings.
Mark only one oval per row.
1 – strongly disagree / very unlikely 2 – somewhat disagree / somewhat unlikely 3 – disagree / unlikely 4- agree / likely 5 - somewhat agree / somewhat likely 6 - strongly agree / very likely Choose your response:
36. A proficient and competent speaker of Spanish is someone who … *
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
37. In your own words, and in no more than a sentence, what does it mean to use Spanish in a sophisticated way? *
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
38. *
39. In your own words, what does it mean to be a global citizen? *
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
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40. To learn and speak another language can make a person a better global citizen because … *
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
41. When speaking to a person who has cultural views that are different from my own, I tend to: *
Mark only one oval.
Avoid discussing our differences and talk about something else.- Continue talking and defend my position as the “better” viewpoint.
- Continue talking and concede that the other position is the correct one, just to keep things friendly.
- Change the conversation and focus on the things we have in common.
- Continue talking about our differences and accept them for what they are.
- Listen to the other person’s opinions because they may change how I view my own culture.
