Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-hn9fh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-08-06T15:16:37.323Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - Commuting and well-being

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2009

By
Raymond W. Novaco  and
Oscar I. Gonzalez
Edited by
Yair Amichai-Hamburger
Yair Amichai-Hamburger
Affiliation:
Sammy Ofer School of Communications, Interdisciplinary Center, Israel
Get access

Summary

The progress of human societies has always been associated with mobility and transportation. Since the earliest homo sapiens migrated from their cave dwellings over 100,000 years ago to establish civilizations in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, human achievement and societal well-being has been dependent on our ability to transport ourselves and the goods that we produce. While the information age has radically modified both work products and the means of transportation, physical mobility on roadway systems remains fundamental to our commerce, recreation, and other life-sustaining activities. Indeed, mobility is very much associated with well-being, but the relationship is not uniform, as higher levels of travel may be reflective of constraints on opportunities, depletion of resources, and impairments to personal health and job performance.

Contemporary urban societies are fraught with stressful environmental conditions, among which traffic congestion features prominently. Remaining attached to the mode of private automobile travel and constrained by the availability of affordable housing, workers endure congested commutes and absorb the stressful consequences. As Dubos (1965, 1969) observed about human adaptation, we seem to develop tolerances to aversive environmental conditions and apparently function effectively in these less than healthy environs; however, as he also asserted, such adaptations in the present will be paid by misery in the future. Although potentially harmful urban conditions, such as exposure to noise, air pollution, and traffic congestion, become acceptable through habituation, the adaptive adjustments are achieved at the price of physical or psychological disturbances later in life.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Technology and Psychological Well-being , pp. 174 - 205
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Aberg, L., and Rimmo, P. A. (1998). Dimensions of aberrant driver behaviour. Ergonomics, 41, 39–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altman, I., Wohlwill, J. F., and Everett, P. B. (1981). Transportation and Behavior. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andriessen, J. H. E. (1991). Mediated communication and new organizational forms. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 6, 18–70.Google Scholar
Averill, J. (1973). Personal control over aversive stimulation and its relationship to stress. Psychological Bulletin, 80, 286–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barjonet, P. (1997). Transport psychology in Europe: A general overview. In Rothengatter, T. and Vaya, E. C. (Eds.), Traffic and Transport Psychology: Theory and application (pp. 21–30). New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Baruch, Y. (2001). The status of research on teleworking and an agenda for future research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 3, 113–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baruch, Y., and Nicholson, N. (1997). Home, sweet work: Requirements for effective home-working. Journal of General Management, 23, 15–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belanger, F. (1999). Workers' propensity to telecommute: An empirical study. Information & Management, 35, 139–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blockley, P. N., and Hartley, L. R. (1995). Aberrant driving behaviour: Errors and violations. Ergonomics, 38, 1759–1771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bollini, A. M., Walker, E. F., Hamann, S., and Kestler, L. (2004). The influence of perceived control and locus of control on the cortisol and subjective responses to stress. Biological Psychology, 67, 245–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, I. D. (1962). Measuring the spare mental capacity of car drivers by a subsidiary auditory task. Ergonomics, 5, 247–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, I. D., Tickner, A. H., and Simmonds, D. C. (1966). Effects of prolonged driving upon driving skill and performance of a subsidiary task. Industrial Medicine and Surgery, 35, 760–765.Google ScholarPubMed
Bursill, A. E. (1958). The restriction of peripheral vision during exposure to hot and humid conditions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10, 114–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cackowski, J. M., and Nasar, J. L. (2003). The restorative effects of roadside vegetation: Implications for automobile driver anger and frustration. Environment and Behavior, 35, 736–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cartwright, S., Cooper, C. L., and Barron, A. (1996). The company car driver: Occupational stress as a predictor of motor vehicle accident involvement. Human Relations, 49, 195–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, S., Evans, G. W., Krantz, D. S., and Stokols, D. (1986). Behavior, Health and Environmental Stress. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collantes, G. O., and Mokhtarian, P. L. (2007). Subjective assessments of personal mobility: What makes the difference between a little and a lot?Transport Policy, 14, 181–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, G., Pickup, L., and Di Martino, V. (1988a). Commuting – a further stress factor for working people: Evidence from the European Community. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 60, 371–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, G., Pickup, L., and Di Martino, V. (1988b). Commuting – a further stress factor for working people: Evidence from the European Community II. An empirical study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 60, 377–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Croon, E. M., Sluiter, J. K., Blonk, R. W. B., Broesen, J. P. J., and Frings-Dresen, M. H. W. (2004). Stressful work, psychological job strain, and turnover: A 2-year prospective cohort study of truck drivers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 442–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubos, R. (1965). Man Adapting. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dubos, R. (1969). The human environment. Science Journal, Oct., 75–80.Google Scholar
Ellaway, A., Macintyre, S., Hiscock, R., and Kearns, A. (2003). In the driving seat: Psychosocial benefits from private motor vehicle transport compared to public transport. Transportation Research Part F, 6, 217–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, N. B. (1999). Social impacts: New perspectives on telework. Social Science Computer Review, 17, 338–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,European Commission. (2006). Energy and Transport: Report 2000–2004. Brussels: Directorate General for Energy and Transport.Google Scholar
Evans, G. W. (1994). Working on the hot seat: Urban bus operators. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 26, 181–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, G. W., and Carrere, S. (1991). Traffic congestion, perceived control, and psychophysiological stress among urban bus drivers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 658–663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, G. W., and Wener, R. E. (2006). Rail commuting duration and passenger stress. Health Psychology, 25, 408–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, G. W., Wener, R. E., and Phillips, D. (2002). The morning rush hour: Predictability and commuter stress. Environment and Behavior, 34, 521–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fink, G. (2000). Encyclopedia of Stress. Volumes 1–3. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Finkelman, J. M., and Glass, D. C. (1970). Reappraisal of the relationship between noise and human performance by means of a subsidiary task measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54, 211–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finkelman, J. M., Zeitlin, L. R., Filippi, J. A., and Friend, M. A. (1977). Noise and driver performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 713–718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folkman, S. (1984). Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 839–852.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frazier, P., Steward, J., and Mortensen, H. (2004). Perceived control and adjustment to trauma: A comparison across events. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 303–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, B., and Abraham, C. (2007). What drives car use? A grounded theory analysis of commuters' reasons for driving. Transportation Research Part F, 10, 187–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatersleben, B., and Uzzell, D. (2007). Affective appraisals of the daily commute: Comparing perceptions of drivers, cyclists, walkers, and users of public transport. Environment and Behavior, 39, 416–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glass, D. C., and Singer, J. E. (1972). Urban Stress: Experiments on noise and social stressors. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Golden, T. D. (2006). Avoiding depletion in virtual work: Telework and the intervening impact of work exhaustion on commitment and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, 176–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., and Simsek, Z. (2006). Telecommuting's differential impact on work–family conflict: Is there no place like home? Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1340–1350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenberger, D. B., Porter, G., Miceli, M. P., and Strasser, S. (1991). Responses to inadequate personal control in organizations. Journal of Social Issues, 47, 111–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grieco, M., Pickup, L., and Whipp, R. (1989). Gender, Transport, and Employment: The impact of travel constraints. Aldershot, UK: Avebury.Google Scholar
Gulian, E., Glendon, A. I., Matthews, G., Davies, D. R., and Debney, L. M. (1990). The stress of driving: A diary study. Work and Stress, 4, 7–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gulian, E., Matthews, G., Glendon, A. I., Davies, D. R., and Debney, L. M. (1989). Dimensions of driver stress. Ergonomics, 32, 585–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handy, S., Weston, L., and Mokhtarian, P. L. (2005). Driving by choice or necessity?Transportation Research Part A, 39, 183–203.Google Scholar
Hartig, T., Kylin, C., and Johansson, G. (2007). The telework tradeoff: Stress mitigation vs. constrained restoration. Applied Psychology, 56, 231–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartley, L. R., and El Hassani, J. (1994). Stress, violations and accidents. Applied Ergonomics, 25, 221–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennessy, D. A., and Wiesenthal, D. L. (1997). The relationship between traffic congestion, driver stress and direct versus indirect coping behaviours. Ergonomics, 40, 348–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennessy, D. A., and Wiesenthal, D. L. (1999). Traffic congestion, driver stress, and driver aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 409–423.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennessy, D. A., Wiesenthal, D. L., and Kohn, P. M. (2000). The influence of traffic congestion, daily hassles, and trait stress susceptibility on state driver stress: An interactive perspective. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 5, 162–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hentschel, U., Bijleveld, C., Kiessling, M., and Hosemann, A. (1993). Stress-related psychophysiological reactions of truck drivers in relation to anxiety, defense, and situational factors. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 25, 115–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, E. J., Hawkins, A. J., and Miller, B. C. (1996). Work and family in the virtual office: Perceived influences of mobile telework. Family Relations, 45, 293–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, J. D., and Boyle, L. N. (2007). Driver stress as influenced by driving maneuvers and roadway conditions. Transportation Research Part F, 10, 177–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiscock, R., Macintyre, S., Kearns, A., and Ellaway, A. (2002). Means of transport and ontological security: Do cars provide psycho-social benefits to their users?Transportation Research Part D, 7, 119–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jain, J., and Lyons, G. (2008). The gift of travel time. Journal of Transport Geography, 16, 81–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, G. W. (2002). Southeast Asian urbanization and the growth of mega-urban regions. Journal of Population Research, 19, 119–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kluger, A. V. (1998). Commute variability and strain. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 147–165.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konradt, U., Hertel, G., and Schmook, R. (2003). Effects of management by objectives on perceived stress and job-satisfaction of teleworkers. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12, 61–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konradt, U., Schmook, R., and Mälecke, M. (2000). Impacts of telework on individuals, organizations and families – a critical review. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 15, 99.Google Scholar
Kontogiannis, T. (2006). Patterns of driver stress and coping strategies in a Greek sample and their relationship to aberrant behaviors and traffic accidents. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 38, 913–924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koslowsky, M., Aizer, A., and Krausz, M. (1996). Stressor and personal variables in the commuting experience. International Journal of Manpower, 17, 4–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koslowsky, M., Kluger, A. V., and Reich, M. (1995). Commuting Stress: Causes, effects, and methods of coping. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koslowsky, M., and Krausz, M. (1993). On the relationship between commuting, stress symptoms, and attitudinal measures: A LISREL application. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 29, 485–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B. A., and Eaton, S. C. (2006). Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: Correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and work–family effectiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 347–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagarde, E., Chastang, J. F., Gueguen, A., Coeuret-Pellicer, M., Chiron, M., and Lafont, S. (2004). Emotional stress and traffic accidents: The impact of separation and divorce. Epidemiology, 15, 762–766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological Stress and the Coping Process. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S., and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Lefcourt, H. (1973). The function of the illusions of control and freedom. American Psychologist, 28, 417–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Legree, P. J., Heffner, T. S., Psotka, J., Martin, D. E., and Medsker, G. J. (2003). Traffic crash involvement: Experiential driving knowledge and stressful contextual antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 15–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, S., and Cooper, C. L. (1995). Balancing the work/home interface: A European perspective. Human Resource Management Review, 5, 289–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundberg, U., and Lindfors, P. (2002). Psychophysiological reactions to telework in female and male white-collar workers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 354–364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyons, G., and Chatterjee, K. (2008). A human perspective on the daily commute: Costs, benefits and trade-offs. Transport Reviews, 28, 181–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons, G., and Urry, J. (2005). Travel time use in the information age. Transportation Research Part A, 39, 257–276.Google Scholar
Macintyre, S., Hiscock, R., Kearns, A., and Ellaway, A. (2001). Housing tenure and car access: Further exploration of the nature of their relations with health in a UK setting. British Medical Journal, 55, 330.Google Scholar
Mackie, R. R., O'Hanlon, J., and McCauley, M. (1974). A Study of Heat, Noise and Vibration in Relation to Driver Performance and Physiological Status. DOT report no. HS-801 313. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation.Google Scholar
Mann, E., and Abraham, C. (2006). The role of affect in UK commuters' travel mode choices: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. British Journal of Psychology, 97, 155–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsh, P., and Collett, P. (1986). Driving Passion: The psychology of the car. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Matthews, G., Tsuda, A., Xin, G., and Ozeki, Y. (1999). Individual differences in driver stress vulnerability in a Japanese sample. Ergonomics, 42, 401–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLennan, P., and Bennetts, M. (2003). The journey to work: A descriptive UK case study. Facilities, 21, 180–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokhtarian, P. L. (1990). A typology of relationships between telecommunications and transportation. Transportation Research Part A, 24, 231–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokhtarian, P. L., and Salomon, I. (2001). How derived is the demand for travel? Some conceptual and measurement considerations. Transportation Research Part A, 35, 695–719.Google Scholar
Mokhtarian, P. L., Salomon, I., and Redmond, L. S. (2001). Understanding the demand for travel: It's not purely “derived.”Innovation, 14, 355–380.Google Scholar
Nilles, J. M. (1975). Telecommunications and organizational decentralization. Communications, IEEE Transactions on Legacy, pre-1988, 23, 1142–1147.Google Scholar
Novaco, R. W., and Collier, C. (1994). Commuting stress, ridesharing and gender: Analyses from the 1993 State of the Commute Study in southern California. Transportation Research Record, 1433, 170–176.Google Scholar
Novaco, R. W., Kliewer, W., and Broquet, A. (1991). Home environment consequences of commute travel impedance. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 881–909.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Novaco, R. W., Stokols, D., Campbell, J., and Stokols, J. (1979). Transportation, stress, and community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 7, 361–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Novaco, R. W., Stokols, D., and Milanesi, L. (1990). Objective and subjective dimensions of travel impedance as determinants of commuting stress. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 231–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ory, D. T., and Mokhtarian, P. L. (2005). When is getting there half the fun? Modeling the liking for travel. Transportation Research Part A, 39, 97–123.Google Scholar
Parker, D., Reason, J. T., Manstead, A. S. R., and Stradling, S. G. (1995). Driving errors, driving violations and accident involvement. Ergonomics, 38, 1036–1048.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parsons, R., Tassinary, L. G., Ulrich, R. S., Hebl, M. R., and Grossman-Alexander, M. (1998). The view from the road: Implications for stress recovery and immunization. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18, 113–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pisarski, A. E. (1987). Commuting in America: National report on commuting patterns and trends. Westport, CT: ENO Foundation for Transportation.Google Scholar
Pisarski, A. E. (2006). Commuting in America: The third national report on commuting patterns and trends. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.Google Scholar
Plutchik, R. (1959). The effects of high intensity intermittent sound on performance, feeling, and physiology. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 133–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raggatt, P. T. F. (1991). Work stress among long-distance coach drivers: A survey and correlational study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 565–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reason, J., Manstead, A., Stradling, S., Baxter, J., and Campbell, K. (1990). Errors and violations on the roads: A real distinction. Ergonomics, 33, 1315–1332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redmond, L. S., and Mokhtarian, P. L. (2001). The positive utility of the commute: Modeling ideal commute time and relative desired commute amount. Transportation, 28, 179–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbloom, S. (1992). Why working families need a car. In Wachs, M. and Crawford, M. (Eds.), The Car and the City: The automobile, the built environment, and daily urban life (pp. 39–56). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Rothengatter, T., and Vaya, E. C. (1997). Traffic and Transport Psychology: Theory and application. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Schaeffer, M. H., Street, S. W., Singer, J. E., and Baum, A. (1988). Effects of control on the stress reactions of commuters. Journal of Applied Psychology, 18, 944–957.Google Scholar
Selye, H. (1956). The Stress of Life. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Shimomitsu, T. (1999). Occupational stress and health in Japan. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Retrieved July 2008, from www.ttl.fi/Internet/English/Information/Electronic+journals/Asian-Pacific+Newsletter/1999-01/08.htm.Google Scholar
Simon, F., and Corbett, C. (1996). Road traffic offending, stress, age, and accident history among male and female drivers. Ergonomics, 39, 757–780.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, J. E., Lundberg, U., and Frankenhauser, M. (1977). Stress on the train: A study of urban commuting. In Baum, A., Singer, J. E., and Valins, S. (Eds.), Advances in Environmental Psychology (pp. 41–56). New York: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Sluiter, J. K., Beek, A. J., and Frings-Dresen, M. H. W. (1998). Work stress and recovery measured by urinary catecholamines and cortisol excretion in long distance coach drivers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55, 407–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spielberger, C. D. (1996). State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory: STAXI professional manual. Tampa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Standen, P. (2000). The home/work interface. In Daniels, K., Lamond, D. A., and Standen, P. (Eds.), Managing Telework: Perspectives from human resource management and work psychology (pp. 83–92). London: Business Press.Google Scholar
Standen, P., Daniels, K., and Lamond, D. (1999). The home as a workplace: Work–family interaction and psychological well-being in telework. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4, 368–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steg, L. (2005). Car use: Lust and must. Instrumental, symbolic and affective motives for car use. Transportation Research Part A, 39, 147–162.Google Scholar
Steg, L., Vlek, G., and Slotegraaf, G. (2001). Instrumental-reasoned and symbolic-affective motives for using a motor car. Transportation Research Part F, 4, 151–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, G. K., and Szajna, B. (1998). Perceptions and expectations: Why people choose a telecommuting work style. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 3, 70–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, G., and Hallett, S. (1992). The role of advertising and the car. Transport Reviews, 12, 171–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokols, D., and Novaco, R. W. (1981). Transportation and well-being. In Altman, I., Wohlwill, J. F., and Everett, P. B. (Eds.), Transportation and Behavior (pp. 85–130). New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokols, D., Novaco, R. W., Stokols, J., and Campbell, J. (1978). Traffic congestion, type-A behavior, and stress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 467–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trent, J. T., Smith, A. L., and Wood, D. L. (1994). Telecommuting: Stress and social support. Psychological Reports, 74, 1312–1314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Troup, C., and Dewe, P. (2002). Exploring the nature of control and its role in the appraisal of workplace stress. Work & Stress, 16, 335–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veneziano, C., Veneziano, L., and Fichter, M. (1994). Stress-related factors associated with driving while intoxicated. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 39, 87–98.Google Scholar
Vivoli, G., Bergomi, M., Rovesti, S., Carrozzi, G., and Vezzosi, A. (1993). Biochemical and haemodynamic indicators of stress in truck drivers. Ergonomics, 36, 1089–1097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wachs, M., and Crawford, M. (Eds.) (1992). The Car and the City: The automobile, the built environment, and daily urban life. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Westerman, S. J., and Haigney, D. (2000). Individual differences in driver stress, error and violation. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 981–998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, S. M., and Rotton, J. (1998). Type of commute, behavioral aftereffects, and cardiovascular activity: A field experiment. Environment and Behavior, 30, 763–780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiesenthal, D. A., Hennessy, D. A., and Totten, B. (2000). The influence of music on driver stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 1709–1719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,WorldatWork. (2007). Telework Trendlines for 2006. Retrieved July 2008, from www.workingfromanywhere.org/news/Trendlines_2006.pdf.
Wyon, D. P., Wyon, I., and Norin, F. (1996). Effects of moderate heat stress on driver vigilance in a moving vehicle. Ergonomics, 39, 61–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyon, D. P., Wyon, I., and Norin, F. (2007). Telework Trendlines for 2006: 2007 survey brief. Scottsdale, AZ: WorldatWork and The Dieringer Research Group. Retrieved March 17, 2009, from www.workingfromanywhere.org/news/Trendlines_2006.pdf.

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×