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In History's Most Revolutionary Innovation, Victor Menaldo shows that America's AI dominance was not an accident of entrepreneurial culture or free markets. It was engineered — through four decades of bipartisan reforms to intellectual property, antitrust, telecommunications, and trade policy that quietly built the legal and economic scaffolding the digital economy required. Situating AI within the lineage of previous general purpose technologies like steam engines, electricity, and the microchip, and tracing its full arc from semiconductors to smartphones to large language models, Menaldo shows how a handful of dominant firms simultaneously captured outsized returns and spread innovation across global supply chains — and asks what happens now that the US, China, and the EU are retreating into competing, gated technology regimes. The result is the first comprehensive account of where AI came from, why its benefits have been uneven, and what will determine whether the AI revolution lifts living standards.
In 1773 Phillis Wheatley Peters became the first person of African descent to publish a book, when she was barely twenty years old, and still enslaved. Her book made her the earliest international celebrity of African descent, just a dozen years after she had been brought from Africa to America. She became the unofficial poet laureate of the American Revolution, only to die in poverty and relative obscurity in 1784. Recent biographical discoveries related to John Peters and Phillis Wheatley's marriage to him in 1778 have led to significant reassessments of her life and character. As the Cambridge Introduction to Phillis Wheatley Peters demonstrates, she has subsequently become recognized as a pioneer of American and African American literature. Her standing as a transnational literary figure is increasingly appreciated as criticism of her writings has become more sophisticated.
Older than the pyramids, Sumerian was used in ancient Mesopotamia (Southern Iraq). It is probably the world's first written language, and survives on clay tablets in the cuneiform script, dating from c.3000 BCE to the beginning of the Common Era. It abounds in simple inscriptions, ideal for beginners, but also boasts a wealth of more advanced writings, such as fascinating mythological poetry. This comprehensive textbook equips students to read the full range of texts – including the special variety of the language known as Emesal. Drawing on the authors' experience in the classroom, it uses intuitive terminology and also makes extensive use of diagrams, which unravel the language's structures in an easy-to-learn way. The examples and readings are all taken from original sources. The learning journey is further supported by exercises (with key), a full sign list and glossary, and online recordings with 'approximate pronunciations'.
Ninety years ago an international war against fascism was fought, and lost, in Spain. Defeat triggered a World War that drove back the Nazi empire and its collaborators, but the progressive dream of more equal societies which antifascists had fought for in Spain was afterwards paralysed by a conservative Cold War order everywhere. Helen Graham vividly tells this history through the interconnected lives of five diverse activists and creatives who defended democracy in Spain and were afterwards scattered across continents by continuing war, political repression and the Holocaust. With courageous imagination they transformed their losses into new ways of living and resisting. As the stakes rise again today, the urgency of reconnecting with these lives redoubles: in the face of 'post-truth' advances, this book testifies to forensic history as a form of resistance, and to the lasting importance of Spain's faraway war that remains forever near.
Joyce Marie Mushaben assesses the extraordinary political career and policy legacy of Ursula von der Leyen. A medical doctor and mother of seven children, von der Leyen entered national politics at age forty-two. Consistently opposed by hardliners within her own party, the CDU, she mastered three ministerial portfolios across four Merkel governments, enabling her to transform Germany's obsolete gender regime and its historically anti-militarist 'strategic culture.' As the first female President of the EU Commission in 2019, she pursued a 'Union of Equality,' extending women's and gender rights in new domains. Forced to tackle the Covid pandemic, climate change and Russia's war against Ukraine, she met each crisis with dignity and calm. She strengthened the EU's identity as a 'value community' and redefined its role as a 'geopolitical' global actor. This is the first book to analyse von der Leyen's achievements in the context of an era of global crisis.
In this vivid and ambitious study, Kate Driscoll uncovers the vibrant world of women who read, supported, and transformed the works of Torquato Tasso, one of the most prodigious poets of the Italian Renaissance. Drawing on rare archival materials, overlooked manuscripts, and visual evidence, she reveals how women readers – patrons, performers, and poets – shaped Tasso's writing and contributed to his enduring legacy. Moving beyond traditional accounts that cast women as passive recipients of male authorship, she demonstrates that they were instead active collaborators whose insights, conversations, and creative responses were integral to the making and meaning of premodern literary sociability. Through the frameworks of literary hospitality and horizontal patronage, she shows how networks of readers and writers crossed social and artistic boundaries, telling a compelling new story about how communities form around reading and how they survive over time. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
The legacy of fascism has challenged far-right expansion in Central Europe, yet nativist parties have found a workaround without compromising exclusionary ethno-nationalist agendas. Barbarians at the Gate explores the under-studied role that religion plays in the promotion of the ethno-nationalist agendas currently chipping away at liberal democratic protections. The book identifies a democratic erosion grounded in a Christian Nationalist concept of the ethno-nation fused with Christianity. Through a combination of interviews, new surveys with Austrian and German voters, and an original dataset of nativist and radical-right party rhetoric, it demonstrates how nativist parties use religion as a vehicle for democratic erosion, even in nations long-seen as bastions of democracy. Especially in Germany, where the hurdles to a far-right comeback are high, understanding how nativist parties use religious framing to sidestep the legacies of Nazism while still promoting ethno-nationalism is critical.
The United States has fought wars throughout its history. But how has it attempted to shape a peaceful world in the wake of these conflicts? This volume explores the long US history of post-conflict diplomacy – from the early republic, through the aftermath of World War II, to recent global engagements. Through richly detailed essays, it examines how power, race, and individual agency shaped US efforts to rebuild relationships after war. Moving beyond simplistic narratives, the book reveals the complexity of forging peace and its unintended consequences. It highlights pivotal moments when alliances were born, rivalries transformed, and non-governmental actors influenced outcomes as much as statesmen. Essential for scholars, policymakers, and readers seeking insight into how past strategies inform present decisions, this work reframes America's diplomatic legacy and offers lessons for future interventions. Bold, comparative, and deeply researched, it illuminates the challenges – and possibilities – of building peace after conflict.
Why does conflict remain a defining challenge across Africa, and how can sustainable peace be achieved? Drawing on five centuries of African intellectual thought, original fieldwork, archival research, and over twenty case studies, Pillars of Peace redefines how we understand conflict and how sustainable peace can be built. Ayokunu Adedokun develops three central contributions. First, the book demonstrates how conflict emerges from the interaction of historical legacies, structural conditions, and post-conflict dynamics. Second, Adedokun introduces an original approach to sustainable peace that integrates African intellectual traditions, including decolonial scholarship and the relational ethics of Ubuntu, while recognising the constructive role of global partnerships. Finally, the study explains why sustainable peace requires the integrated reconstruction of three core pillars: security and public order, political and governance systems, and economic and development foundations within a unified peace architecture. Bridging theory and practice, Pillars of Peace advances a new paradigm for understanding conflict and building sustainable peace globally.
As pointed out by the editors of this unusual volume, studying the development of contemporary Spain is important to understand the challenges, dynamics and limits of political and economic modernization. The contributors of Twisted Modernization bring the theoretical and methodological toolkit of modern political economy to study Spain's long run economic (industrialization) and institutional (capacity, constitutions) processes, the evolution of its economic, political and judicial elites, and how the country's institutional legacies condition its democracy and economic outcomes to this day. Including work from over a dozen of well-known specialists and grounded in novel and systematic data, this volume provides a sober assessment of both the country's achievements and worrying future challenges. It offers key insights on the causes of democratization and growth in general and provides a model for further research on the trajectories of other countries. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Victor Hugo's eminence as a writer is bolstered by his reputation for unbridled ambition, prolific talent, and virile sexuality, yet his work is deeply uncomfortable with these aggrandized notions of what it means to be a man. Rereading some of Hugo's most famous writing alongside lesser-known texts, Bradley Stephens reveals how the author of Les Misérables contests normative ideas of manhood in ways that are surprising and urgent for gender studies today. Although Hugo recognized the allure of 'greatness', his writing knowingly resists the patriarchal clichés that were being fastened onto his public image even before he was laid to rest in the Paris Panthéon as one of France's grands hommes in 1885. Hugo channelled nature's spontaneity to understand all forms and types as fluid, not fixed, and his aversion to categorical viewpoints and established hierarchies necessarily questions the binary logic of gender and its naturalization of men's social dominance.
By offering a comparative analysis of Salafi movements in Tunisia, Théo Blanc advances a systematic theory explaining variation in Salafi pathways of political engagement, built around the concepts of subjective and processual opportunities. The book first explores how Salafism developed in the country and crystallised into distinct currents – scholastic, political, and Jihadi – and then examines their respective adaptations to the 2010–11 revolution and evolutions during the democratisation decade (2011–21). This evolution culminated in what Blanc calls a shift towards post-Salafism, defined as a re-hierarchisation of actors' priorities in action. Blanc draws on rich fieldwork material, including interviews with the founding figures of Salafism in Tunisia, leading Salafi clerics and ideologues, and Salafi and Islamist party leaders, alongside original documentary sources. In doing so, Salafism in Tunisia makes a significant contribution to key debates in political science and Islamic studies, including inclusion-moderation, post-Islamism, political opportunity structure, politicisation, and the conceptualisation of both Salafism and Islamism.
Renewal in Contemporary Islamic Thought and Society explores the shifting perspectives and debates in contemporary Islamic thought. Seeking solutions to 21st-century social issues and modern Muslim needs, Muhammad Al-Atawneh presents a fresh assessment of Islamic renewal (tajdid), Muslim ethics, and intellectual revitalization, while also reassessing Islam's image and role in the modern world today. He interrogates the dynamics of renewal in Islam by reevaluating the methods by which traditional Islamic principles may be realigned to handle modern challenges. By aligning religious practice with contemporary circumstances, he also examines efforts addressing current social problems and that advance justice, equality, and good governance within the framework of Islamic tradition. Al-Atawneh demonstrates how academic inquiry stimulate a healthy intellectual culture within Muslim society. A transformative examination of renewal within Islamic thought, his astute analysis also shows how Islamic teachings and modern science can coexist, generating a harmonious coexistence between religion and reason.