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Why does conflict remain a defining challenge across Africa, and how can sustainable peace be achieved? Drawing on five centuries of African intellectual thought, original fieldwork, archival research, and over twenty case studies, Pillars of Peace redefines how we understand conflict and how sustainable peace can be built. Ayokunu Adedokun develops three central contributions. First, the book demonstrates how conflict emerges from the interaction of historical legacies, structural conditions, and post-conflict dynamics. Second, Adedokun introduces an original approach to sustainable peace that integrates African intellectual traditions, including decolonial scholarship and the relational ethics of Ubuntu, while recognising the constructive role of global partnerships. Finally, the study explains why sustainable peace requires the integrated reconstruction of three core pillars: security and public order, political and governance systems, and economic and development foundations within a unified peace architecture. Bridging theory and practice, Pillars of Peace advances a new paradigm for understanding conflict and building sustainable peace globally.
The United States has fought wars throughout its history. But how has it attempted to shape a peaceful world in the wake of these conflicts? This volume explores the long US history of post-conflict diplomacy – from the early republic, through the aftermath of World War II, to recent global engagements. Through richly detailed essays, it examines how power, race, and individual agency shaped US efforts to rebuild relationships after war. Moving beyond simplistic narratives, the book reveals the complexity of forging peace and its unintended consequences. It highlights pivotal moments when alliances were born, rivalries transformed, and non-governmental actors influenced outcomes as much as statesmen. Essential for scholars, policymakers, and readers seeking insight into how past strategies inform present decisions, this work reframes America's diplomatic legacy and offers lessons for future interventions. Bold, comparative, and deeply researched, it illuminates the challenges – and possibilities – of building peace after conflict.
The relationship between farming and the emergence cities is a key question in the archaeology of western Asia and Europe. In this study, Amy Bogaard explores how the earliest villages and cities were sustained through evolving agricultural strategies. Deploying the latest methods and evidence, she offers new approaches for predicting how settlement scale and density shaped agricultural practices, and for reconstructing farming methods as they evolved alongside urbanisation. Bogaard demonstrates how Neolithic farming took off with the integration of small-scale cultivation and herding, held together by the work and ownership claims of households. Urbanisation challenged resilient Neolithic farming practices, as early cities co-evolved with the expansion of low-input cereal monocultures. Nevertheless, diverse Neolithic farming traditions persisted in these urban landscapes, creating richer agroecologies and more sustainable cities. Bogaard's study offers exciting insights into how farming and cities emerged in the deep past, along with the theory, toolkit, and data necessary for building knowledge of ancient farming, and for reflecting on farming futures.
School board meetings have become the battleground for some of the most contentious political battles in the United States, but their importance extends beyond current hot-button issues. In Democracy Speaks, Jonathan E. Collins offers a groundbreaking exploration of how local school boards shape public voice, democratic accountability, and educational equity. Collins presents the importance of public discourse at school board meetings as central to effective school board governance, and more broadly shows how everyday civic spaces like school board meetings can either deepen or erode trust in government. The book also develops a new theoretical lens for thinking about democratic accountability in this setting - 'deliberative culture' - to trace how discursive norms can result in impactful school reform. At a time when public education is caught in political crossfire, this book offers a hopeful, research-driven framework for reimagining school governance as a site of meaningful public engagement.
This revised and updated edition of the definitive history of the French Wars of Religion explains why they were fought and how peace was finally restored after two generations of fighting. Since the publication of the second edition in 2005, recent scholarship has challenged traditional ideas of how the wars started and has included new research on peace-making, memory studies, and the international dimensions of the conflict. Mack P. Holt offers a fresh narrative which incorporates these ideas, while continuing to make this complicated series of civil wars understandable and accessible to readers. Holt explores why France become divided by a civil war fought between both professional armies and civilians, why French elites believed that a simple policy of repression could succeed against the growth of Protestantism, and how peaceful coexistence between the two confessions was eventually established after nearly four decades of war. As a result, this study remains an essential introduction for both students and general readers.
In 1616, Spanish officials in Acapulco watched nervously as a Japanese galleon arrived uninvited—the third such vessel in a decade. In an important challenge to accepted narratives of isolation and insularity, Joshua Batts reveals the surprising story of Tokugawa Japan's repeated attempts to establish direct trade with Spanish America. Though ultimately unsuccessful, these attempts flip the script about which societies sought to expand the geography of encounter in the early modern world. Early Tokugawa Japan emerges as an assertive polity whose ambitious outreach threatened Spanish prerogative in the Pacific and provoked a guarded response from a global empire. Based on archival sources from Japan, Spain, Italy, and the Vatican City, Batts reconstructs a tale of shipwrecks, political manoeuvring and cultural collision that stretches from Edo to Rome. The unique blend of adventure and foreign encounter redefines our understanding of the opportunities for, and obstacles to, early modern globalization.
Women who prepared food for the enslaved, rather than enslavers, have been neglected in historical scholarship. Their labor within the quarters has been marginalized, belittled, and even ignored, because it fell within the remit of gendered care and nurture. In this book, Emily West illustrates how these mostly older women performed vital roles in slaveholding sites, as their enslavers increasingly tried to regulate food distribution, preparation, and consumption. Enslavers attempted to impose highly efficient, communal food regimes to minimize waste and time lost from work elsewhere. They routinely tasked older women with the feeding and care of infants, but also deployed them to prepare food for children and enslaved adults to eat collectively. Conversely, in the relative privacy of the quarters, where enslaved people preferred to eat, cooking became both a form of gendered exploitation, and an expression of love, empowerment, and pleasure.
Building the Parish Church in Late Medieval England investigates the architectural, artistic, and socioreligious cultures of local places of worship between the Black Death and the Reformation. Zachary Stewart provides the first systematic account of a new type of parish church distinguished by the absence of any structural division between the nave and chancel. Tracking the development of this type across time, place, and setting, he explores how its integrated format expressed, reinforced, and reproduced collective processes related to the conception, construction, and provision of parochial space. The result, he argues, was nothing less than a novel kind of public monument to collaborative action. Informed by a wealth of fresh archival, archaeological, and architectural research, with special attention to East Anglia, Stewart's study demonstrates the importance of the parish church as a center for innovative material production in late medieval England. It also reveals how non-elite social configurations shaped local life on the eve of the modern era.
The scholars of the Sasanian empire-the late antique superpower whose extensive territories encompassed much of Mesopotamia, the Iranian plateau, and the Caucasus-played a pivotal role in world intellectual history. They developed a distinctive synthesis of Indian and Greco-Roman learning, which would have a formative impact on Islamic civilization in the wake of the empire's fall to Arab armies in the 7th century CE. Drawing on a wide range of texts in languages including Arabic, Middle Persian, Syriac, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit, Thomas Benfey closely examines these scholars, their contributions, and the shifting contexts in which they lived and worked. From the court of the sixth-century King of Kings Khusrō I to early Abbasid Baghdad, this book explores key developments in philosophy, medicine, and astral science and the institutional and historical contexts in which they took place. Benfey highlights the distinctive features of this decisive era, tracing intellectual continuity and change into the early Islamic period.
Regime transitions often raise expectations for sweeping policy change-yet those expectations are not always realized. Focusing on the mechanisms linking regime type and policy, Policy in Transition explains how, and under which conditions, policy changes are likely to occur after a regime transition. Whether policies change depends on how the transition reshapes the space for contestation and on the visibility of the policy in question. This finding argument is supported through an in-depth comparative historical analysis of the evolution of housing and financial policies across regime types changes in Argentina and Brazil since the 1960s. Drawing on extensive archival materials, public records, historical media, and interviews with key actors, the book studies policymaking across different authoritarian and democratic regimes providing nuanced insights into the relationship between political regimes and policy change.
This is the first comprehensive analysis of Southeast Asian globalization and development since 1870. Interpreting over 150 years of Southeast Asian economic history, Gregg Huff traces the impact of a first period of globalisation from the 1870s to 1929, the effects of Japanese occupation during World War II and its aftermath, and a second wave of globalisation since the late 1960s. He uses vent-for-surplus, dual economy and plural society concepts and argues that the response of those in Southeast Asia to periods of transport revolutions, innovation and opportunity in the world economy translated into rapid export-led growth. Recent swift growth enabled Southeast Asia to start to 'catch up' with the world's leading countries for the first time in its history. Achievements include industrialization, genuine social progress and numerous large urban regions. Nevertheless, the book contends that Southeast Asian development in its 'miracle economies' remains incomplete.