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3714 results in Classical languages

Page 36 of 186

Reading Greek
  • Text and Vocabulary
  • 2nd edition
  • Corporate Author Joint Association of Classical Teachers
  • Published online:
    01 February 2019
    Print publication:
    30 July 2007
  • First published in 1978, Reading Greek has become a best-selling one-year introductory course in ancient Greek for students and adults. It combines the best of modern and traditional language-learning techniques and is used widely in schools, summer schools and universities across the world. It has also been translated into several foreign languages. This volume contains a narrative adapted entirely from ancient authors, including Herodotus, Euripides, Aristophanes and Demosthenes, in order to encourage students rapidly to develop their reading skills. Generous support is provided with vocabulary. At the same time, through the texts and numerous illustrations, students will receive a good introduction to Greek culture, and especially that of Classical Athens. The accompanying Grammar and Exercises volume provides full grammatical support together with numerous exercises at different levels, Greek-English and English-Greek vocabularies, a substantial reference grammar and language surveys.

  • 17 - Fourth and Mixed Conjugations

  • from Part II
  • Eleanor Dickey, University of Reading
  • Book:
    Learn Latin from the Romans
    Published online:
    21 June 2018
    Print publication:
    28 June 2018, pp 112-116

  • Summary

    Latin verbs are divided into five conjugations; in addition to the three that you have already learned there is a fourth conjugation and a ‘mixed’ conjugation with characteristics of both third and fourth conjugations. The mixed conjugation is also called ‘third conjugation in -iō’ or ‘third conjugation i-stems’. These verbs are conjugated as follows

  • 55 - Numbers

  • from Part V
  • Eleanor Dickey, University of Reading
  • Book:
    Learn Latin from the Romans
    Published online:
    21 June 2018
    Print publication:
    28 June 2018, pp 365-371

  • Summary

    We have so far seen several numbers, such as quattuor ‘four’ and quīnque ‘five’. These are indeclinable, so that the same form is used regardless of the gender, number, or case of the items being counted: quattuor virī vēnērunt ‘four men came’, quattuor puellās vīdī ‘I saw four girls’. But the numbers ‘one’, ‘two’, and ‘three’ inflect: ‘one’ follows the pronominal declension like ipse, ‘three’ is a third-declension adjective, and ‘two’ is irregular (it is one of the few Latin remnants of the dual number, which was originally used when referring to two things, with the plural restricted to three or more things).

  • 7 - Dative Case, Possum

  • from PART I
  • Eleanor Dickey, University of Reading
  • Book:
    Learn Latin from the Romans
    Published online:
    21 June 2018
    Print publication:
    28 June 2018, pp 46-52

  • Summary

    Dative

    The fifth case is the dative. With it added, the noun and adjective paradigms look like this:

    Use of the Dative

    The dative has a variety of uses, including the indirect object; that is, the additional object found with a verb meaning ‘give’. With such a verb, the gift itself is the direct object and is in the accusative case; the person to whom it is given is the indirect object and is in the dative case. In English there are two constructions used for indirect objects: the indirect object can come before the direct object, or it can come after the direct object with the preposition ‘to’. The indirect objects in these sentences are underlined: ‘I gave Mary the book’, ‘I gave the book to Mary’, ‘We gave them candy’, ‘He gave candy to the children’. Adjectives that agree with dative nouns are also in the dative case.

    Possum

    The verb possum (principal parts possum, posse, potuī, –) means ‘be able to’ or ‘can’; it is a compound of potis and sum and therefore is conjugated like sum with pot- or posin front of each form.

    Because of its meaning possum is usually accompanied by another verb, like English ‘can’ as in ‘I can run’ (= ‘I am able to run’). In Latin this additional verb is in the infinitive, that is, the second principal part. So possum currere (or currere possum) is ‘I can run’, ‘I am able to run’, and scrībere potest (or potest scrībere) is ‘he can write’, ‘he is able to write’.

  • 1 - Verbs: Inflection and Word Order

  • from Part I
  • Eleanor Dickey, University of Reading
  • Book:
    Learn Latin from the Romans
    Published online:
    21 June 2018
    Print publication:
    28 June 2018, pp 13-18

  • Summary

    The key element of every sentence, both in English and in Latin, is a verb: a word indicating the action described by the sentence (e.g. ‘go’, ‘is’, ‘learn’, ‘eat’). English verbs can be identified by the way they inflect (change shape): a word to which ‘-ed’ and ‘-ing’ can be added is a verb. Thus ‘learn’ can be identified as a verb because of the forms ‘learned’ and ‘learning’. Likewise, if you put a verb after ‘they’ and then replace the ‘they’ by ‘he’, you will usually find that the verb then gets an ‘-s’ at the end. Thus ‘they eat’ → ‘he eats’, ‘they learn’ → ‘he learns’, etc.

  • 38 - Regular Comparison

  • from Part IV
  • Eleanor Dickey, University of Reading
  • Book:
    Learn Latin from the Romans
    Published online:
    21 June 2018
    Print publication:
    28 June 2018, pp 246-253

  • Summary

    Adjectives have three degrees of comparison: the positive, which we have already seen (indicating that a noun has a certain quality), the comparative (indicating that a noun has more of that quality), and the superlative (indicating that a noun has most of that quality). In English these three degrees are formed with ‘-er’/‘-est’ or (for long words) with ‘more’/‘most’, as follows

  • 22 - Reading Practice

  • from PART II
  • Eleanor Dickey, University of Reading
  • Book:
    Learn Latin from the Romans
    Published online:
    21 June 2018
    Print publication:
    28 June 2018, pp 140-142

  • Summary

    Colloquia Monacensia–Einsidlensia 6b–j (adapted)

    An attempted visit to a sick friend (second or third century ad):

    marcus: si vis, veni mecum.

    GAIUS: quo?

    marcus: ad amicum nostrum Lucium; visitemus eum.

    GAIUS: quid enim habet?

    marcus: aegrotat. gaius: a quando?

    marcus: intra paucos dies incurrit.

    gaius: ubi habitat?

    marcus: non longe; si vis, ambula. (after a short walk) haec est, puto, domus eius. haec est.

    gaius: ecce ianitor; interroga illum num possimus intrare et videre amicum nostrum.

    porter: quem petitis?

    marcus: dominum tuum Lucium; de salute eius venimus.

    porter: ascendite.

    marcus: quot scalas?

    porter: duas; ad dextram portam pulsate.

    marcus: pulsemus. vide, quis est?

    slave (opening door): avete omnes.

    marcus: dominum tuum volumus visitare. si vigilat, nuntia nos.

    slave: non est hic.

    marcus: quid dicis? sed ubi est?

    slave: descendit ad lauretum ut ambularet.

    marcus: gratulamur illi. cum venerit, dic illi nos ad eum venisse de salute eius gratulantes, quia omnia bona sunt.

    slave: sic faciam.

    Colloquium Harleianum 12a–f (adapted)

    A very unrealistic representation of how a lawyer finds a job (perhaps third century ad). Because many people who learned Latin did so in order to become lawyers, ancient Latin teachers painted a rosy picture of the life of a lawyer in an effort to encourage people to study Latin.

    rich friend: domine, salve.

    lawyer: salvus sis semper, amice.

    rich friend: quomodo sunt res tuae? omnia bene?

    lawyer: quomodo dei volunt.

    rich friend: quid nunc agis?

    lawyer: agebam, nunc autem vacat mihi.

    rich friend: volo tibi iniungere administrationem meae actionis. eamus; ambula et ego tibi dabo quod agas. omnium enim bonorum dignus es.

    Translate into Latin

    marcus: Come with me in order to see Lucius.

    GAIUS: Why?

    marcus: He is ill.

    GAIUS: Let's go. Where does he live?

    marcus: He lives here; this is his house.

    GAIUS: Let's knock on the door.

    porter: Hello! Whom are you seeking?

    marcus: We are seeking your master. We have heard that our friend Lucius is ill and we want to see him: is he awake?

    porter: Lucius does not live here; my master's name is Titus.

  • 45 - Impersonal Verbs

  • from Part IV
  • Eleanor Dickey, University of Reading
  • Book:
    Learn Latin from the Romans
    Published online:
    21 June 2018
    Print publication:
    28 June 2018, pp 294-299

  • Summary

    Some verbs are impersonal; that is, they have no meaningful subject. In English, where the structure of the language requires that verbs have expressed subjects, impersonal verbs have a grammatical subject ‘it’, as in ‘it is raining’ or ‘it is important to do the right thing’. In Latin impersonal verbs have no expressed subject, but they appear in the third person singular, and in forms where the gender of the subject is specified they are neuter: thus in many ways the Latin impersonal subject is not unlike the English ‘it’. Some verbs are only used impersonally and therefore do not occur in forms other than the third person singular, as is signalled by their principal parts.

  • 33 - Result Clauses

  • from PART IV
  • Eleanor Dickey, University of Reading
  • Book:
    Learn Latin from the Romans
    Published online:
    21 June 2018
    Print publication:
    28 June 2018, pp 212-219

  • Summary

    Result Clauses

    So far we have seen three types of subordinate clause taking the subjunctive: purpose clauses, indirect commands, and fear clauses. A fourth type is the result clause, which indicates the result of the action expressed in the main verb. Like the three types of subjunctive clause already seen, result clauses follow sequence of tenses: the present subjunctive is used if the main verb is in a primary tense, and the imperfect subjunctive if it is in a historic tense. (So far, the only historic tense we have seen is the perfect.) Result clauses are introduced by ut; if the result is negative, the ut does not change to nē, but instead a nōn is added to the verb of the subordinate clause. Most result clauses can be translated with English ‘that’ and a normal indicative verb, but there are also other possibilities.

  • Result clauses are almost always signalled by the presence of one of these words in the main clause: tot ‘so many’; tantus, -a, -um ‘so great’, ‘so big’; tālis, -e ‘such’; ita ‘so’, in such a way’; tam ‘so’; adeō ‘so’, ‘to such an extent’.

  • mīlitēs adeō timuērunt ut fugerent. ‘The soldiers were so frightened that they fled.’ classis hostium tanta est ut timeāmus. ‘The enemy's fleet is so big that we are frightened.’

  • nostrī tam fortēs sunt ut nōn fugiant. ‘Our men are so brave that they are not fleeing.’

    • Practice

    A Translate:

  • tot hostes visi sunt ut nostri timerent.

  • soror mea tam pulchra est ut ab omnibus ametur.

  • classis hostium tanta est ut nostri vincantur.

  • haec puella adeo laudatur ut semper felix sit.

  • talis est ut numquam vincatur.

  • hic magister tam bonus est ut omnes pueri ab eo doceri velint.

  • milites adeo timuerunt ut e castris duci non possent.

  • 12 - Personal Pronouns, Partitive and Objective Genitives

  • from Part II
  • Eleanor Dickey, University of Reading
  • Book:
    Learn Latin from the Romans
    Published online:
    21 June 2018
    Print publication:
    28 June 2018, pp 83-88

  • Summary

    The genitive case can be used for purposes other than possession. A partitive genitive is used to indicate the whole from which a part is taken: ‘some of the men’, ‘one of the boys’, and ‘half (of) the pie’ are partitive genitives in English. Objective genitives are used with a noun or adjective to indicate the kind of relationship to that noun or adjective that an object would have to a verb: thus ‘fear of falling’ (one fears falling) and ‘love of music’ (one loves music) are objective genitives.

Page 36 of 186