In primo loco discumbe. (to slaves) date nobis liquamen. da nobis malvas ferventes. porrige mihi mappam. mitte impensam in acetabulum. partire ungellas. concide aqualiculum et chordam ex aqua. da ficatum tenerum, turdos, lactucas. unus vestrum panem frangat et in canistellum inferat. (to guests) cenate. (to slaves) da sardinas, cymam cum liquamine, rapatum, gallinam assam, porcellum assum.

So far we have seen three types of subordinate clause taking the subjunctive: purpose clauses, indirect commands, and fear clauses. A fourth type is the result clause, which indicates the result of the action expressed in the main verb. Like the three types of subjunctive clause already seen, result clauses follow sequence of tenses: the present subjunctive is used if the main verb is in a primary tense, and the imperfect subjunctive if it is in a historic tense. (So far, the only historic tense we have seen is the perfect.) Result clauses are introduced by ut; if the result is negative, the ut does not change to nē, but instead a nōn is added to the verb of the subordinate clause.

In addition to the six regular cases, Latin has a locative case. The locative is used instead of in + ablative to express location (i.e. the place where someone or something is, when no motion to or from is involved), but only with certain words, including domus and the names of cities and towns. Because the locative has no endings that are uniquely its own, and because most words do not have a locative case, the locative is not traditionally learned as part of noun paradigms. Nevertheless, it is necessary to know how to recognize and to form locatives for those words that have them. The rule of formation is that for words of the first and second declensions the locative is the same as the genitive in the singular and the same as the ablative in the plural; for words of other declensions the locative is always the same as the ablative.

(back in changing room, to slaves): deterge me. cinge sabana. terge caput meum et pedes. da mihi caligulas, calcea me. porrige mihi dalmaticam et pallium. colligite vestimenta et omnia nostra. sequimini nos domum, et emite nobis minutalia et lupinos et fabas acetatas. (to bath attendant) bene nos lavisti, bene tibi sit.

Words can be classified into parts of speech; this is necessary when dealing with an inflected language like Latin as the various parts of speech behave differently from each other. The main parts of speech are verbs, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions.

Verbs are traditionally defined as action words, but the ‘action’ they describe can be fairly inactive: ‘run’, ‘sit’, ‘sleep’, and ‘think’ are all verbs. Another way verbs can be identified is as words that can inflect (i.e. change form) to indicate past or present action: in English ‘run’ changes to ‘ran’ to indicate past time, and similarly ‘sit’ becomes ‘sat’, ‘sleep’ becomes ‘slept’, and ‘think’ becomes ‘thought’.

The relative pronoun is the word used for ‘who’, ‘whom’, ‘whose’, and ‘which’ when those words do not introduce questions (and for ‘that’ when equivalent to ‘who’ etc.), as ‘The man who finds the gold will be rich’ and ‘You should have seen the one that got away.’ In Latin, as in English, the relative pronoun is very similar to the interrogative pronoun, which we saw in chapter 13.3; in fact the relative pronoun is identical in form to the interrogative adjective, quī, quae, quod.

The verb fīō is in effect the passive of faciō in the present, future, and imperfect tenses (i.e. those tenses formed from the first two principal parts); its principal parts are therefore fīō, fierī, factus sum. Strictly speaking fīō is not very irregular, for nearly all its forms can be formed regularly from the principal parts if one classes it as a mixed conjugation partially deponent verb. Nevertheless this formation process is tricky enough that fīō is normally classed with the irregular verbs.