This book offers state-of-the-art research on the design and evaluation of assistive translation tools and systems to facilitate cross-cultural and cross-lingual communications in health and medical settings. This book illustrates using case studies important principles of designing assistive health communication tools which are (1) detectability of errors to boost user confidence by health professionals; (2) adaptability or customizability for health and medical domains; (3) inclusivity of translation modalities (written, speech, sign language) to serve people with disabilities; and (4) equality of accessibility standards for localised multilingual websites of health contents. To summarize these key principles for promotion of accessible and reliable translation technology, we use the acronym I-D-E-A.

How certain can we be about projections of future climate change from computer models? In 1979, President Jimmy Carter asked the US National Academy of Science to address this question, and the quest for an answer laid the foundation for a new way of comparing and assessing computational models of climate change. My own work on climate models began with a similar question, and led me to investigate how climate scientists build and test their models. My research took me to climate modelling labs in five different countries, where I interviewed dozens of scientists. In this chapter, we will examine the motivating questions for that work, and explore the original benchmark experiment for climate models – known as Charney sensitivity – developed in response to President Carter’s question.

Platform governance matters. The failure of platform companies to govern their users has led to disasters ranging from the unwitting culpability of Facebook in the 2017 genocide of the Rohingya people, to the spread of fraud and disinformation exacerbating the COVID-19 crisis, and to the subversion of free and fair elections across the world. The Introduction to The Networked Leviathan frames the problem of platform governance and its similarity to some of the problems confronted for centuries by political states and recommends that policymakers and scholars of the internet turn to older forms of political organization for inspiration.

Augmented reality technology enables the creation of training that more closely resembles real-world environments without the cost and complexity of organizing large- scale training exercises in high-stakes domains that require recognition skills (e.g., military operations, emergency medicine). Augmented reality can be used to project virtual objects such as patients, medical equipment, colleagues, and terrain features onto any surface, transforming any space into a simulation center. Augmented reality can also be integrated into an existing simulation center. For example, a virtual patient can be mapped onto a physical manikin so learners can practice assessments skills on the highly tailorable virtual patient, and practice interventions on the physical manikin using the tools they use in their everyday work. This chapter sets the stage by describing how the author drew from their own experiences, reviewed scientific literature, and consulted with skilled instructors to articulate eleven design principles for creating augmented reality training.

The current sharing economy suffers from system-wide deficiencies even as it produces distinctive benefits and advantages for some participants. The first generation of sharing markets has left us to question: Will there be any workers in the sharing economy? Can we know enough about these technologies to regulate them? Is there any way to avoid the monopolization of assets, information, and wealth? Using convergent, transdisciplinary perspectives, this volume examines the challenge of reengineering a sharing economy that is more equitable, democratic, sustainable, and just. The volume enhances the reader’s capacity for integrating applicable findings and theories in business, law and social science into ethical engineering design and practice. At the same time, the book helps explain how technological innovations in the sharing economy create value for different stakeholders and how they impact society at large. Reengineering the Sharing Economy is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

In this introduction to the Cambridge Handbook of Consumer Psychology, the editors provide an overview of the chapters included in the Handbook as well as their rationale for editing a follow-up volume to the first edition, in light of post-COVID shifts in behavior, variance in methodological practices, and increasing complexity of consumer behavior.

This is the introductory chapter to the edited collection on 'Data-Driven Personalisation in Markets, Politics and Law' (Cambridge University Press, 2021) that explores the emergent pervasive phenomenon of algorithmic prediction of human preferences, responses and likely behaviours in numerous social domains – ranging from personalised advertising and political microtargeting to precision medicine, personalised pricing and predictive policing and sentencing. This chapter reflects on such human-focused use of predictive technology, first, by situating it within a general framework of profiling and defends data-driven individual and group profiling against some critiques of stereotyping, on the basis that our cognition of the external environment is necessarily reliant on relevant abstractions or non-universal generalisations. The second set of reflections centres around the philosophical tradition of empiricism as a basis of knowledge or truth production, and uses this tradition to critique data-driven profiling and personalisation practices in its numerous manifestations.