The solubility of Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Pb, Sb and Sn in the synthetic analogue of kotulskite (PdTe) was studied experimentally at 400°C (for Bi at 500°C). The extent of the solid solution was studied on the line PdTe–PdA with a compositional range Pd(Te1–xAx) with x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 and A = Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Pb, Sb and Sn. For the purpose of this study the silica-glass tube method was used. The experimental products were evaluated by means of powder X-ray diffraction analysis, reflected light and electron microscopy. Kotulskite does not dissolve Ag. It may dissolve up 3 at.% As, up to 5.6 at.% Cu, up to 20 at.% Sn and up to 30 at.% Pb. A complete solid solution between kotulskite (PdTe) – sudburyite (PdSb) and kotulskite (PdTe) – sobolevskite (PdBi) as suggest from natural occurrences has not been confirmed within this study. There is a composition gap between Pd0.99(Te0.21Bi0.80)Σ1.01 (PdTe dissolving 40.3 at.% Bi) and Pd1.00(Bi0.97Te0.03)Σ1.00 (PdBi dissolving 1.6 at.% Te). Also, there seems to be a gap between Pd1.00(Te0.18Sb0.82)Σ1.00 (PdTe dissolving 41.1 at.% Sb) and PdSb. The Cu substitutes for Pd whereas As, Bi, Pb, Sb and Sn substitute for Te in the crystal structure of kotulskite. Assessed solid solution series should be sought in assemblages with other platinum-group minerals and known Pd tellurides, likely in magmatic Cu–Ni–PGE mineral deposits, associated with mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks.

Two alluaudite-group minerals, badalovite, ideally NaNaMg(MgFe3+)(AsO4)3, and calciojohillerite, NaCaMgMg2(AsO4)3, have been identified on a specimen from the Monte Calvario quarry, Biancavilla, Etna volcanic complex, Sicily, Italy. For both species, this finding represents the second world occurrence. The studied sample was characterised using electron microprobe analysis, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Badalovite occurs as vitreous to resinous aggregates of yellowish to brownish prismatic crystals, up to 0.5 mm in length, associated with tabular crystals of hematite, pseudobrookite and an amphibole-supergroup mineral. Badalovite is intimately intergrown with minor calciojohillerite. The chemical formulae of these two alluaudite-group members, recalculated on the basis of 12 O atoms per formula unit and assuming the occurrence of Fe3+, are (Na1.74(11)K0.01(1)Ca0.30(8))Ʃ2.05(Mg1.74(2)Mn0.27(2)Ca0.11(8)Zn0.03(1)Fe0.84(14)Al0.02(2))Ʃ3.01(As2.85(4)P0.11(3))Ʃ2.96O12 and (Na1.44(2)K0.01(1)Ca0.66(1))Ʃ2.11(Mg2.27(1)Mn0.28(1)Zn0.01(1)Fe0.48(2))Ʃ3.00(As2.79(3)P0.13(2))Ʃ2.92O12, respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected on badalovite gave the following unit-cell parameters a = 11.9760(5), b = 12.7857(5), c = 6.6650(3) Å, β = 112.689(2)°, V = 941.58(7) Å3, space group C2/c. Its crystal structure was refined to R1 = 0.0257 for 1711 unique reflections with Fo > 4σ(Fo) and 97 least-square parameters. The crystal chemical and spectroscopic data as well as the genesis of badalovite are discussed and a comparison with the Russian type material is reported.

A continental-type glacial flood termed the Suwałki megafloods took place in NE Poland during the last glaciation and significantly transformed the proglacial area. This study aims, for the first time, to establish the chronology of this flood. Twenty-two sediment samples from two meltwater spillways were dated by optically stimulated luminescence. Sixteen ages from the flood megadunes are between 83 ± 11 ka and 16.9 ± 0.9 ka, whereas six ages from the outwash tracks range from 71.5 ± 9.9 ka to 20.3 ± 2.5 ka. Three dates from the uppermost part of the megadune sedimentary successions are 16.9 ± 0.9 ka, 17.9 ± 1.9 ka, and 18.8 ± 1.3 ka, and they may mark the likely true age of the Suwałki megafloods. We found no consistent relationships between the sedimentary structures and bleaching characteristics suggesting that the two are largely independent, contrary to what is typically assumed for fluvial deposits. Similarly, the transport distance from the ice margin did not exert a consistent influence on the sediment bleaching characteristics. A new hypothesis considers the stage of flooding to have a relevant impact on sediment bleaching: sediment deposited during the flood waning is well bleached and has a high potential for constraining the flood age.

In political decision-making processes in Greenland, comparisons are often drawn with Denmark, Scandinavia, the Faroe Islands, and Iceland. With Greenland as a case, this article analyses a series of aspects across the societies to highlight the politics of comparisons, which are taken for granted, and to emphasise contextual conditions. Comparisons are central to cultural meaning-making and navigation with nation building strategies. We conclude that the current comparisons are significant in terms of explaining Greenland’s challenges with a vulnerable economy and with the sustainable use of natural and human resources. To utilise local resources and create a sustainable livelihood, there is a need to break from the existing trajectories based on the current politics of comparison to explore local conditions more carefully and find other models of inspiration. By developing the concept of island operation, the article unfolds distinct characteristics of the Greenlandic socio-economic structures and includes statistical data on trade, education, and the labour market to support the identification of conditions that can contribute to future analyses of Greenland’s sustainable development. This analysis has relevance for societies that share geographical and cultural conditions with Greenland and post-colonial countries that must deal with complex path dependencies to navigate towards sustainable development.

The aardvark (Oryecteropus afer) is a fossorial species with a widespread distribution across sub-Saharan Africa. It leaves distinctive tracks and traces of its presence, including large burrows. However, despite a substantial body fossil record, few trace fossils registered by aardvarks have been described. Its distribution range in southern Africa during historic and prehistoric times was probably broadly similar to that of today, with the addition of the currently submerged Palaeo-Agulhas Plain during much of the Pleistocene. Five new trace fossil sites have been identified in Pleistocene aeolianites on the Cape coast and are here interpreted with varying degrees of confidence as large burrows that were made by aardvarks. In addition, a possible aardvark tracksite has been identified. Together these add to the sparse paleoichnological evidence of aardvarks and add to the global ichnological record of large vertebrate burrows. While at this point the evidence does not warrant the proposal of new ichnotaxa, the findings may act to spur further identification of fossilized traces of aardvarks and other fossorial species on the Cape coast and beyond.

This study investigates the reproductive biology of Holothuria arguinensis over one year (December 2016 to December 2017) from two locations on the Atlantic coast of Morocco: Skhirat (North Atlantic) and Souiria K'dima (Central Atlantic), including the sex ratio, size at sexual maturity, and reproductive cycle. Monthly sampling was carried out, along with the collection of environmental and biometric data at each site. The sex ratio did not differ significantly from 1:1 at either study site. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) reached its peak during spring (April and May) for both sexes, and the spawning period was observed from summer to autumn (June–October) at both locations, suggest annual spawning. GSI was correlated with increasing or high chlorophyll-a concentrations, salinity, and spawning with rainfall periods. The estimated size at sexual maturity was 15.9 cm body length, 189.1 g total body weight, and 92.5 g gutted body weight. The minimum mean oocyte diameter was recorded during the recovery stage (31 ± 11 μm (mean ± SD) at Skhirat and 34 ± 23 μm (mean ± SD) at Souiria K'dima), while the highest values were observed in the partial spawning stage (112 ± 27 μm (mean ± SD) at Skhirat and 104 ± 19 μm (mean ± SD) at Souiria K'dima). This study highlights the need for further research to expand our knowledge of the biological and ecological characteristics of H. arguinensis populations, to facilitate the cultivation of juveniles in captivity, and to develop fishing regulations based on scientific findings. As a fishery management strategy, we suggest a closed season from April to October to protect the reproductive period of H. arguinensis on the Moroccan coast.

Cocoa is an important agricultural product that plays a crucial role in local communities in South America. In Brazil, it is traditionally grown in agroforestry systems, which are more sustainable and contribute to biodiversity conservation. However, the recent expansion of intensive monocultures in tropical forests poses significant threats to this activity. Using historical data on land use and cocoa productivity at the municipality level from Brazil’s primary cocoa-producing states, we show that maintaining and restoring forest cover are positively correlated with cocoa productivity, particularly in areas with less anthropogenic disturbance. This highlights the dependence of cocoa production on ecosystem services. Recent data reveal that in municipalities where local agriculture is less reliant on cocoa, only larger farms have benefitted from increased forest cover, probably due to their greater dependence on fragments of natural habitat for ecosystem services. In municipalities that are more reliant on cocoa, the effects of forest cover were not detected, while strong negative effects of forest fragmentation were observed in both small- and large-scale farms. We emphasize the importance of preserving natural forests near cocoa plantations to optimize productivity in Amazon and Atlantic Forest agroforestry, especially in deforested areas.

The Lorne Plateau lava succession of the north-west Grampian Highlands of Scotland is an early component of post-collisional Late Silurian to Early Devonian magmatism in the Orthotectonic Caledonides emplaced in two phases between the Late Silurian (425.0±0.7 Ma U-Pb zircon) and the Siluro-Devonian boundary at ∼419 Ma. Palaeomagnetic study comprising thermal demagnetization and component analysis embracing the time frame of the preserved succession yields a coherent mean direction of magnetization from 58 sites (D/I = 43.7/−47.4°, α95 = 4.0°). A palaeomagnetic fold test is significantly positive with sills intruding unlithified sediment on the island of Kerrera confirming primary remanence. The ∼600 m thick succession has uniform normal polarity throughout permitting correlation with the beginning of a normal polarity chron extending from ∼426 to 403 Ma. The pole position at 2.7°N, 317.3°E (dp/dm = 3.8/5.8°) predicts a palaeolatitude of 26°S and corresponds precisely with remanence in contemporaneous rocks from the Midland Valley of Scotland. Regional palaeofield directions are evaluated in the context of transpressional moulding of the Acadian Orogeny on the Great Glen Fault system (~416−380 Ma).