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178400 results in Earth and Environmental Sciences

Page 27 of 8920

  • Chapter 5 - Externalities of Lawfare

  • from Part Three - Strategic Dimensions of HEL
  • Agung Wardana, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
  • Book:
    Turning Defenders into Defendants
    Published online:
    18 November 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026, pp 153-176

  • Summary

    This chapter explains the third strategic dimension of lawfare: externalities. As a form of strategic legal action, hegemonic environmental lawfare aims to create projective externalities, referring to the consequences that seek to be borne by environmental movements beyond the actual legal cases. The chapter is divided into two subheadings: (a) Leadership Decapitation, which discusses the outcomes of hegemonic environmental lawfare targeting those who are regarded as the central figures or leaders of environmental struggles, and (b) Creating Externalities, which elaborates on the impacts of lawfare beyond lawsuits concerning environmental movements in the countries.

  • Chapter 2 - Environmental Politics and Defenders’ Struggles

  • from Part Two - Country Studies in Contexts
  • Agung Wardana, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
  • Book:
    Turning Defenders into Defendants
    Published online:
    18 November 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026, pp 63-93

  • Summary

    This chapter traces the historical junctures that have shaped the political-economic trajectories in those countries. It explains the structural contexts through which environmental movements have emerged as responses to political and economic transformation. The chapter demonstrates how the political-economic structure of the country where they operate has shaped the diverse characteristics of environmental movements in terms of their organisational structures, strategies, and modalities.

  • Introduction

  • Agung Wardana, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
  • Book:
    Turning Defenders into Defendants
    Published online:
    18 November 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026, pp 1-20

  • Summary

    Environmental defenders have been essential in protecting the environment and developing environmental law and governance. However, due to their struggles, they have been targeted by actors whose interests in capital accumulation and economic growth are affected. Besides being attacked through direct forms of violence, such as killings, physical assaults, and threats, environmental defenders are also retaliated through legal means. Hence, this chapter sets a background on an increasingly common phenomenon in Southeast Asia where law and legal institutions are mobilised by politico-business elites to intimidate environmental defenders.

Page 27 of 8920