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178369 results in Earth and Environmental Sciences

Page 26 of 8919

  • Chapter 2 - Environmental Politics and Defenders’ Struggles

  • from Part Two - Country Studies in Contexts
  • Agung Wardana, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
  • Book:
    Turning Defenders into Defendants
    Published online:
    18 November 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026, pp 63-93

  • Summary

    This chapter traces the historical junctures that have shaped the political-economic trajectories in those countries. It explains the structural contexts through which environmental movements have emerged as responses to political and economic transformation. The chapter demonstrates how the political-economic structure of the country where they operate has shaped the diverse characteristics of environmental movements in terms of their organisational structures, strategies, and modalities.

  • Introduction

  • Agung Wardana, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
  • Book:
    Turning Defenders into Defendants
    Published online:
    18 November 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026, pp 1-20

  • Summary

    Environmental defenders have been essential in protecting the environment and developing environmental law and governance. However, due to their struggles, they have been targeted by actors whose interests in capital accumulation and economic growth are affected. Besides being attacked through direct forms of violence, such as killings, physical assaults, and threats, environmental defenders are also retaliated through legal means. Hence, this chapter sets a background on an increasingly common phenomenon in Southeast Asia where law and legal institutions are mobilised by politico-business elites to intimidate environmental defenders.

  • Sources of variation in microscopic epibiont communities on intertidal rocky organisms in Niigata, Japan

  • Nandakumar Kanavillil, Yoshitake Takada
  • Journal:
    Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom / Volume 106 / 2026
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    08 January 2026, e7

  • Microscopic epibionts are important components of an intertidal ecosystem. However, because the epibionts are established on habitats provided by basibiont (host) organisms, the epibionts are affected by both the characteristics of basibionts and the ambient environmental conditions. Here, we hypothesised that variations in the epibiont community were affected by the mobility, size, and surface roughness of the basibiont organisms, as well as by environmental conditions, which was tested over a one-month period in spring. Epibionts growing on 16 basibiont species belonging to Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, and Echinoidea were collected from a rocky shore in Niigata, Japan. Most of the epibionts collected were diatoms, and the highest cell density of the epibionts was recorded on the surfaces of the limpet Cellana toreuma. The epibiont community changed significantly from April to May and was also shaped by the characteristics of the basibionts. The results indicated that basibionts with sessile, large, or smooth surfaces had higher taxonomic richness, Simpson diversity, and cell density of the epibionts than those with mobile, small, or rough surfaces. Multivariate analysis of the epibiont community confirmed the importance of these basibiont characteristics and the survey month. Six groups of epibiont communities were identified based on their contrasting sample communities, and each had its own indicator species. The results indicate that both environmental changes from April to May and changes in basibiont species promote changes in the epibiont community in this coastal region.

  • Chapter 6 - Resistance against Lawfare

  • from Part Three - Strategic Dimensions of HEL
  • Agung Wardana, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
  • Book:
    Turning Defenders into Defendants
    Published online:
    18 November 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026, pp 177-202

  • Summary

    This chapter examines how environmental movements challenge, halt, and prevent hegemonic environmental lawfare. The first part deals with rights-based legal mobilisation. It explores the mobilisation of human rights to build arguments in challenging hegemonic environmental lawfare in litigation and legal reform at the domestic, regional, or international levels. The second part problematises the rights-based mobilisation in Southeast Asia, demonstrating its problem in the region. Inspired by the ‘duty-turn’ in resistance studies, the third part proposes duty-based legal mobilisation by conceptualising the obligation to defend the environment as a justificatory defence in resisting hegemonic environmental lawfare.

Page 26 of 8919