The goal of economic diversification away from oil revenue dependence is not new, but there is an urgency to find new policy responses since late 2014 when oil prices declined sharply. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been successful in part because of the federal structure of the government, which has encouraged policy differentiation, learning, and even competition between the seven emirates. Because resource endowment is not equal across the federation, nor are the proceeds of oil wealth evenly distributed, policy experimentation and change has flourished, furthering the pace of economic diversification. This policy learning and differentiation between emirates predates the 2014 oil price collapse, but it has set the stage for a pattern of policy flexibility now embraced and accelerated by the central government between 2015 and 2019. This chapter focuses on a series of policy choices and reforms, from labour market regulation to fiscal reform, to policies affecting the investor and business climate. In the UAE, while we have seen centralisation of state authority, especially in foreign policy, there remains a benefit to new economic policy formulation, experimentation, and competition between emirates. Breaking down the policy agenda post-2014 in the UAE, we can identify three core economic response policy areas: fiscal policy, social development policy, and diversification policies.

The drop in oil prices in 2014 and the price crash triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 have had major repercussions for the Middle Eastern political economy. For these events, the chapter discusses both the empirical relevance of policy adjustments and academic approaches to political economy apt for analysing relevant adjustment policies. First, it explores the oil price declines as a potential game changer for the political economy in the Middle East. The authors claim that structural changes in the global energy market make it unlikely that oil prices will climb above USD 100 per barrel again in the foreseeable future. Second, it outlines the most prominent concept for analysing the political economy of the Middle East: rentierism. Third, it scrutinises two repercussions of decreased oil prices for the Middle East. For the Arab Gulf, oil-rent abundance has flipped to scarcity, and for Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon, the energy bill has reduced significantly. These form the new context in which policy adjustments are taking place. Fourth, it outlines a heuristic framework on how structural changes caused by oil price declines translate into policy change. The authors introduce four domains of adjustment policies: rent-seeking policies, austerity measures, policies of taxation, and structural reform measures.

This chapter highlights the importance of regional and local settings and knowledge in the energy transition, and how to integrate this into teaching for graduate and undergraduate learners using Design Thinking (DT) as a pedagogical framework. Supplying clean, low-carbon energy to a growing global population presents one of the most complex challenges related to our societal needs. As awareness of the climate crisis increases, and as regional factors influencing the impacts of climate change become more apparent, there is a growing demand for localized approaches to achieving net-zero carbon emissions. These approaches are essential for equitable mitigation and adaptation strategies, and they are informed by local resources, customs, and geographical contexts that shape the availability of energy carriers.

Building operations require about a third of global energy demand and about a quarter of global carbon emissions, not counting the embedded carbon emissions associated with building materials. Cost-effective solutions are available today to reduce those emissions by 75% or more by 2050. But buildings also represent a massive long-term investment, both for individual families and for society at large, and the current pace of renovation needs massive acceleration if those goals are to be met. Accelerating building energy solutions will require changes in policy and regulation, new financial models, and a vast retraining effort for hundreds of millions of construction workers and building professionals as well as billions of building residents all across the globe. This chapter focuses on that education effort, which must be local as well as global, place-based and people-centered, and leverage international agreements as well as use-inspired research. We provide case studies and a roadmap to illustrate the range and scope of the educational efforts required to address the complexity and critical nature of this challenge.

Energy access, sustainability, and innovation introduce complex scenarios for all dealmakers, regardless of their level of power and leverage. This chapter examines negotiation planning, strategies, tactics, and ethics to provide a roadmap for educators who will develop strategic courses for future energy dealmakers, whether they are business leaders, politicians, environmentalists, entrepreneurs, bureaucrats, or educators.

What is a successful projects-based course? What is a failure? We walk through the process with recommendations to build a successful energy focused project-based pedagogy. Of course, the first step is to “acquire” the project and this is one of the most complicated and important steps in the process. We offer several tips and ideas on project acquisition. Additional details are provided on suggestions to structure the project, assign teams, guide and coach, but don’t mandate, grade; including external validation suitable for Assurance of Learning for particular programs, and finally how to assess the process. Along the way are reconciliations to concerns and hurdles to effective implementation and success.

This chapter will attempt to set the stage with facts and trends in the energy workforce, and link those with cultural and policy shifts that are affecting capital and investments which will drive the future of the energy workforce to look and act differently. Background with statistics on energy resource portfolio and graduates (new workforce) starting in 1980. Graphically depicting where jobs are within the energy sectors and the demographics of those employees and leaders, 1880s to current. Discussion about percentage of retirements, innovation, policy intervention, social responsibility, and individual values changing company cultures and hiring practices. The future of the energy workforce is unpredictable, but positive as we use energy more efficiently and create a more nimble workforce.

Over the course of seven years, the Tata center recruited and trained more than 200 graduate students from 18 different MIT departments to design and implement energy solutions that are practical and reliable in the developing world. Their work produced 45 patents, 12 commercial licenses, and over a dozen startups. This chapter demonstrates the method for implementing similar programs, with a focus on energy-related research projects. The program leaders describe their project as “CPR for Engineers,” with a three-axis model focusing on developing Compassion, Practice, and Research.

Within higher education, there is a general trend that students in science-related fields (e.g. engineering, energy, biological sciences, chemistry, etc.) focus on the necessary skills of their field but do not engage in training in business strategies and processes. As a result, scientists may struggle entering into, and progressing through, management positions. This chapter focuses on the business aspects of entrepreneurship that energy engineers should develop. Technical concepts of product management, marketing, financial models, and business structures are included with interpersonal skills of leadership, teamwork, creativity, and of introspection. Inclusion of these concepts will enhance scientists’ training and provide a supporting structure to help them lead in industry settings.

The value of an international energy internship is multifaceted. It serves as a critical growth opportunity for the student, who experiences the professional applications of his or her classroom learnings and develops an understanding of the challenges and solutions evident in different countries’ political, socioeconomic and cultural frameworks. It also provides a potential post-graduation career entry point, through access to an international network of professionals and by showcasing career paths within the sector. Beyond the impact for the student, these internships also pay dividends for host companies in the energy sector, by injecting cutting-edge knowledge from the students’ academic studies and cultural perspective they bring. As students return to campus from their international experiences, their new perspectives frame their understanding of the dynamic energy ecosystem and the different types of energy solutions needed in different contexts. These experiences position students to shape meaningful and successful careers in this new and evolving energy future.

Educators interested in teaching energy justice, either as a stand alone course or as part of another topic, have few resources to help them get started. This chapter seeks to expand and accelerate the inclusion of energy justice in higher education by offering educators new to this space a jumping-off point based on a project examining a set of university-level syllabi that focus on or include energy justice. Snowball methodology was used to identify courses and instructors in energy justice, and an adapted course mapping strategy was used to compare course rationales, learning objectives, schedules, and reading lists. Examples are drawn from numerous disciplinary and topical perspectives and highlight pedagogical choices made by instructors, including primary learning objectives, approaches to experiential learning, relationships to adjacent concepts such as environmental and climate justice, emotional and motivational elements, and essential texts. The chapter closes with a suggested list of questions for educators to wrestle with as they architect their own energy justice curricula.

Summary of the current energy project environment

Origination of energy projects in a carbon constrained world

Basic analysis of an energy project from a cash flow perspective

Project return metrics

Dealing with carbon externalities

Case Study: Natural Gas Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Electric Power Plant (CCGT)

Case Study: Solar Energy Photovoltaic Plant (PV) with Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)

This chapter will outline a collaborative approach to develop an interdisciplinary undergraduate energy program that embraces the strengths of and connections between STEM disciplines, social sciences, policy, communications, business, and the arts at your institution. The strategies presented will be based on the Collaborative Leadership Action Model developed by the author (Gosselin 2015) as well as his work as a facilitator with the Traveling Workshop Program of the National Association of Geoscience Teachers. Each curriculum developed is different. There is no "one size fits all" for the curriculum outcome. The focus will be on a continuum of processes that can facilitate the development process.

Energy education can no longer be merely a subtheme of engineering or economics. Educators must develop a holistic and integrated approach that develops and delivers new ways to deliver and analyze information. Fortunately, educational and industry groups responded by building mathematical and computational models and software tools to do just that. These models and tools have proved efficient in combining information from fields including engineering, economics, and social sciences to find solutions to both simple and complex problems. This chapter aims to support the interested educator, junior researcher, or young engineer along their trip to select the appropriate set of tools and models for their course, curriculum, or project.