In this chapter both hull girder longitudinal bending and torsional loading are treated. Ship-type bodies are considered in both still water and waves (quasi-static loading). The equations for longitudinal bending moment and shear force are obtained. Wave profiles are considered and the use of sectional area curves is illustrated. The balancing procedure of the hull girder on a wave is then described. The various factors that affect longitudinal bending moment and shear force distributions are discussed and reference is made to the Smith effect. Torsional loads are considered next and their generation is described in the case of both closed-deck and open-deck hull forms. Expressions obtained for torsional moments in the past as well as those included in the IACS Common Structural Rules are given. Wave loading of ship hulls is considered and classical linear strip theory is described. The IACS approach to estimating primary longitudinal bending loads and corresponding strength requirements is described. The role of classification societies in ensuring safety and durability is discussed, following which the formulas developed for bending moments and shear forces are presented.

Here we will do a problem much like the one we did more sketchily in . If you are comfortable with the design process, skip to §§3W.1.6 and 3W.1.7, where we meet some new issues.

In the lab exercises, from now and ever after, you will want to be able to read resistor values without pulling out a meter to measure the part’s value (we do sometimes find desperate students resorting to such desperate means). The process will seem laborious, at first; but soon, as you get used to at least the common resistance values, you will be able to read many color codes at a glance.

Here’s a statement of the design task, and some questions:

We want to solve the problem of optimizing circuit performance by selecting from the great variety of available op-amps. We will try to make sense of the fact – not predictable from our first view of op-amps as essentially ideal – that there are not one or two op-amps available but approximately 30,000 listed (on the day of this writing) on one distributor’s website (DigiKey).

This chapter deals with loads related to the hull structure, the operation of mechanical equipment as well as those related to cargoes. The loads related to the hull structure include hull weight, inertial loads, loads induced during the fabrication process (residual stresses) as well as loads acting during occasional circumstances. These include drydocking, launching, and conversion procedures. Grounding and collision that are undesirable events are also discussed. Loads that are induced by the operation of mechanical equipment are considered, the most important of these being propeller-induced vibration and vibration of the main propulsion machinery. Cargo-induced loads are discussed next. These relate to both cargo and ballast water and include weight, inertial loads and the effect of cargo shifting. Lastly thermal gradients are considered the most important cases being the heating of crude oil using heating coils and ensuring low temperature in the case of gas carriers. The loads acting on the hull girder are summarised in tabular form in which their relative importance is assessed. In the last section load action is described with the principal loads acting on the hull girder discussed as well as the different load systems (primary, secondary and tertiary).

The problem – just analysis this time: This is a rare departure from our practice of asking you to design, not to analyze. Inventing a difference amp1 seemed a tall order, and, on the other hand, the difference amplifier’s behavior seems far from obvious. So, here’s a little workout in seeing how the circuit operates.

Serial data input and output are classic applications where interrupt-driven I/O makes sense. Rather than sit in a loop wasting CPU cycles waiting for each byte to be sent or received, an ISR can load a new byte into the output register each time the previous byte has been sent, or store each new byte in a buffer as they are received.

Please check the errata page at https://LAoE.link/Installing_the_FPGA.html before you begin to see if there have been any updates or changes to the procedure below.

Insert the shorter pins of the 2x5 SWD header from the top of the board and solder from the rear. Use care to avoid solder bridges on the closely spaced pins of this connector: see Fig. 22S.2.

Why? Finite State Machine design methodology provides a rigorous way to design synchronous systems. It applies not only to hardware but to software design as well (as we shall see when we study embedded microcontrollers).

Now that we have seen that sequential circuits are almost always (the SR and transparent latches being the exceptions) designed with edge-triggered logic, we need to look at what can go wrong with edge triggering if we are not careful.

Here are reminders of Nyquist’s sampling rule and some consequences, with scope images of artifacts that sampling can introduce.