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10306 results in History of science: general interest

Page 85 of 516

  • BJH volume 51 issue 1 Cover and Back matter

  • Journal:
    The British Journal for the History of Science / Volume 51 / Issue 1 / March 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    07 March 2018, pp. b1-b3
    Print publication:
    March 2018
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  • Ethnic cartography and politics in Vienna, 1918–1945

  • PETRA SVATEK
  • Journal:
    The British Journal for the History of Science / Volume 51 / Issue 1 / March 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    13 February 2018, pp. 99-121
    Print publication:
    March 2018

  • In Vienna, the close of the First World War and the period of the peace negotiations in Paris saw an enormous boom of ethnic-geographic research approaches and ethnic map-making. This process continued with the appointment of the Viennese geographer Hugo Hassinger (1877–1952) to the chair of human geography at the University of Vienna in 1931 and intensified with the establishment of the South East German Research Association and the National Socialist takeover in March 1938. But did the initiatives to create ethnic maps originate with politicians and authorities, or did they come from the scientists themselves? This article argues that scientists embarked upon ethnic geographies on their own initiative. Although political institutions used scientists and their resources for their own, political ends (ethnographic maps served as an important source for the National Socialists in their operations for ethnic consolidation), scientists also mobilized resources from the political sphere for career and disciplinary purposes.

  • The history of transdisciplinary race classification: methods, politics and institutions, 1840s–1940s

  • RICHARD MCMAHON
  • Journal:
    The British Journal for the History of Science / Volume 51 / Issue 1 / March 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    08 February 2018, pp. 41-67
    Print publication:
    March 2018

  • A recently blossoming historiographical literature recognizes that physical anthropologists allied with scholars of diverse aspects of society and history to racially classify European peoples over a period of about a hundred years. They created three successive race classification coalitions – ethnology, from around 1840; anthropology, from the 1850s; and interwar raciology – each of which successively disintegrated. The present genealogical study argues that representing these coalitions as ‘transdisciplinary’ can enrich our understanding of challenges to disciplinary specialization. This is especially the case for the less well-studied nineteenth century, when disciplines and challenges to disciplinary specialization were both gradually emerging. Like Marxism or structuralism, race classification was a holistic interpretive framework, which, at its most ambitious, aimed to structure the human sciences as a whole. It resisted the organization of academia and knowledge into disciplines with separate organizational institutions and research practices. However, the ‘transdisciplinarity’ of this nationalistic project also bridged emerging borderlines between science and politics. I ascribe race classification's simultaneous longevity and instability to its complex and intricately entwined processes of political and interdisciplinary coalition building. Race classification's politically useful conclusions helped secure public support for institutionalizing the coalition's component disciplines. Institutionalization in turn stimulated disciplines to professionalize. They emphasized disciplinary boundaries and insisted on apolitical science, thus ultimately undermining the ‘transdisciplinary’ project.

Page 85 of 516