[This paper deals with the origin of the Greek thematic nasal presents kámnō ‘toil, weary’ and támnō ‘cut’ (Att. témnō). These are explained as -ne/o-presents formed to the thematic aorists ékamon, étamon (Att. étemon). The standard explanation of kámnö and támnō is that these presents are thematicizations of -nā-presents. This view is shown to lack substantiation.]

[Linguistic development follows not one tendency, but two opposing ones : towards distinctness and towards economy. Either of these poles prevails, but both are present and alternately preponderant. At the basis of this polarity is the fundamental dualism speaker-hearer. The tension produced by this polarity constitutes the principle of life in language. Formal and functional grammar are looking at language from these two poles. A bridge between the violently antagonistic views of Wundt and Marty can be built on the two bases provided by this hypothesis.]

[The oldest is ∗yēk- (ἔŋκα, iēcē), after which ∗dhēk- (ἔΰŋκα, αδδακ∈τ, fēcī) was patterned in pro-ethnic times, ἔδωκα was added to the group only in Greek. The peculiar grouping of forms with and without -κ- in the Greek paradigms starts from the fact that forms from three bases, ∗sē-, ∗yēk-, ∗wī- (ΐŋμι, ἔŋκα, fi∈μαι, for instance), merged in one paradigm as a result of changes that are in part analogic, in part phonetic]

The purpose of this paper is to bring to the attention of interested persons the existence and availability of a high-speed computer program designed to aid in the determination of lexicostatistical indices, of the type developed by Swadesh, for assessing the degree to which any two given languages are cognate. The program was written by Carroll for the IBM Electronic Data Processing Machine Type 704 (with a 32,768-word magnetic-core storage) at the suggestion of Dyen, who wished to compute lexicostatistical indices among several hundred Malayopolynesian languages. The need for a high-speed computer program is suggested by the fact that the number of possible different pairwise comparisons among n languages increases geometrically with the number of languages; specifically, it is n(n - l)/2. If the comparisons are based on, let us say, the words in each language corresponding to the 200 ‘meanings’ of Swadesh's standard list, the analysis of the data for 100 languages involves a total of nearly a million separate acts of comparison. The program which is now available enables the performance of this job in approximately one hour and a quarter—provided, of course, that the data have all been properly assembled and coded for input to the machine. The individual acts of comparison (that is, the comparison of the forms for a given meaning in two languages) are performed at the rate of about 300 per second for typical kinds of data.

Traditionally, the Old Church Slavonic verb is considered to be capable of forming three types of aorist. The so-called root aorist is presumably formed by adding personal endings directly to the stem (Diels §114.1), as in the forms of the verb ‘to fall with the basic stem in pad- : 1st sg. 2d and 3d sg. pade, 1st du. padově, 2d du. padeta, 3d du. padete, 1st pl. 2d pl. padete, 3d pl. The so-called s-aorist (Diels §114.2) is presumably formed by adding the element s (which under certain conditions alternates with x) directly to the stem, as in the respective forms of ved- ‘lead’ and rek- ‘speak’: , vede, věsově, věsta, věste, , věste, , and , reče, rěxově, rěsta, rěste, , rěste, . The so-called x-aorist (Diels §114.3) is formed by adding the element ox, as in the x-aorist forms of ved- : , vede, vedoxově, vedosta, vedoste, , vedoste, and . In addition to automatic changes (such as x to š before a front vowel), it must be noted that the second and third persons singular are always formed on the root-aorist pattern; and that the third person plural ends in in the root aorist but in in the s- and x-aorists, as in the forms (root aor.), (s-aor.), and (x-aor.). The distribution of the various types of aorist among stem classes is the following: class 1.1 (cf. Diels §105–6) has all three types in stems that end in an obstruent, as in the forms and stems of class 1.1 that end in a sonorant take s-aorist only; stems of class 2.1 take either the root aorist or the s-aorist; stems of class 2.2 and 3–6 take the s-aorist; and stems of class 7 (irregular) require individual disposition.