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American and British English in the twenty-first century are still divided by a common language. Now in its second edition, this highly readable guide provides an authoritative reference to English usage, covering the differences, and some emerging similarities, between British, American and international English. It has been thoroughly updated and expanded to document hundreds of variable points of usage for the benefit of British and American readers, and for those seeking international forms of English for written communication, as first- or second-language users. It discusses the current status of each usage item with quantitative evidence from the NOW (News on the Web) corpus and contemporary research. Lively examples of usage are provided to capture aspects of twenty-first century culture world-wide. It also discusses issues in the use of personal names and ethnic naming practices, as well as sexist and homophobic words, and person-centred words for those living with a disability.
With contributions from a team of renowned scholars, this two-volume Handbook is a comprehensive guide to the Distributed Morphology (DM) framework, providing an overview of all major theoretical issues in morphology. This volume, the second, looks at morphology post-syntax within the Distributed Morphology (DM) framework, exploring its phonological and semantic aspects. It is divided into three parts; Parts I and II focus on morphology post-syntax, exploring its phonological and semantic aspects. Part III broadens the discussion to interfaces between morphology and other areas of linguistics and cognitive science, extending DM's reach well beyond core language components. Each chapter focuses on different theoretical issues, as well as empirical phenomena across a variety of languages. Filling a crucial gap in the domain of morphology, this volume is an essential resource for anyone who wants to understand the depth and scope of Distributed Morphology research.
With contributions from a team of renowned scholars, this two-volume Handbook is a comprehensive guide to the Distributed Morphology (DM) framework, providing an overview of all major theoretical issues in morphology. This volume, the first, covers the core components of DM, its historical context, and its foundational principles. It is divided into three parts; Part I introduces the basics of DM and compares it with alternative models, Part II delves into the core components of DM, and Part III addresses key issues for the syntax-morphology interface. Each chapter focuses on different theoretical issues, as well as empirical phenomena across a variety of languages. Filling a crucial gap in the domain of morphology, this volume is an essential resource for anyone who wants to understand the depth and scope of Distributed Morphology research.
What exactly are viewers or audiences expected to appreciate when language is put on display? What kinds of ideologies about language underpin such displays? Does language operate differently when it becomes the intended object of display as opposed to when it is being used for regular communication? Language is often 'invisible' because we use it without thinking too much about it. The study of language on display makes the invisible visible. Drawing on examples of the display of language in multiple contexts: museums, exhibitions, contests, celebrations, this book analyses cases where language is deliberately offered up as an object for contemplation, entertainment, and even decoration; language as spectacle in and of itself. It provides an innovative theorisation that shows how the subjectification process involved – where people are treated more as viewers than users – entrenches an objectivist understanding of language. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Older than the pyramids, Sumerian was used in ancient Mesopotamia (Southern Iraq). It is probably the world's first written language, and survives on clay tablets in the cuneiform script, dating from c.3000 BCE to the beginning of the Common Era. It abounds in simple inscriptions, ideal for beginners, but also boasts a wealth of more advanced writings, such as fascinating mythological poetry. This comprehensive textbook equips students to read the full range of texts – including the special variety of the language known as Emesal. Drawing on the authors' experience in the classroom, it uses intuitive terminology and also makes extensive use of diagrams, which unravel the language's structures in an easy-to-learn way. The examples and readings are all taken from original sources. The learning journey is further supported by exercises (with key), a full sign list and glossary, and online recordings with 'approximate pronunciations'.
The Late Ramesside Letters comprise over seventy surviving texts from the end of Egypt's New Kingdom, created by a community living around the Medinet Habu temple complex in western Thebes. These letters reveal how individuals negotiated varied social relationships and communicative norms, including interactions with the divine. By applying frameworks from (Im)politeness Research – such as Discernment Politeness, Facework, Politic Behaviour, Frame Theory, and Ritual – it is possible to reconstruct the underlying (im)politeness system that shaped all communication within this community. This approach highlights how specific linguistic patterns supported social harmony, managed tensions, and facilitated obligations to both people and gods. The analysis also identifies emerging phenomena that require new theoretical directions, such as the unique strategies used to maintain relationships with deities. Ultimately, the letters demonstrate that Power permeated every level of interaction, and its centrality within this linguaculture challenges modern assumptions about how Power operates in contemporary societies.
The linguistic landscape has shifted considerably over the last twenty years, making it increasingly less clear how the key components of language (phonology, syntax, and semantics) communicate and interact with one another. With contributions from a team of renowned scholars, this volume addresses this gap by offering an interdisciplinary account of the current state of knowledge on linguistic interfaces. Chapters are split into five parts, and provide detailed, cutting-edge overviews of the main theoretical approaches to how grammatical components interact. The volume also includes in-depth descriptions of the empirical domains and individual phenomena in which the interface between syntax, semantics, and phonology becomes more informative, along with their psycholinguistic implications for processing and acquisition. Combining empirical data with theoretical analysis, it enables readers to assess and compare linguistic phenomena from multiple perspectives. It is essential reading for researchers and advanced students in syntax, morphology, semantics, pragmatics, phonetics and phonology.
Perceptual Dialectology (PD) is the study of non-linguists' beliefs about language variation and its spatial distribution. This book provides a concise introduction to PD, covering the foundational assumptions and scholarly theories that inform it, such as sociolinguistics, human geography, and social psychology. It addresses the key strategies and best practices for the design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of PD research, such as the effects of bias, macro/micro social categories, use of interviews, and data analysis. It approaches the analysis of metalinguistic commentary through an exploration of the frameworks that assign meaning to language objects, and also includes a summary of the history and roots of PD, allowing readers to understand how PD intersects with both 'old' and 'new' ways of exploring sociolinguistic questions. Providing the tools to carry out their own research, it is ideal for researchers and students looking for a one-stop overview of this growing field.
Moving beyond familiar discussions of ethnic conflict, this Handbook presents a bold rethinking of how language shapes identity, power, and violence. With contributions from leading scholars in linguistics, political science, and public policy, it presents global case studies alongside new analytic tools for the study of language and global politics. It introduces “language conflict” as a clearer and more useful framework-one that brings linguistic structure, institutional policy, and communicative inequality into focus. Split into four sections, chapters cover topics such as hate speech, language rights, transitional justice, education policy, and postcolonial literature, spanning contexts from Cameroon to Catalonia, and from Guatemala to Sri Lanka. Together, these chapters show how language is not simply a cultural marker, but a political force that shapes collective identities, nationalism, and resistance. It is essential reading for anyone interested in language policy, multilingual governance, and the deep entanglement of language with political life.
Presenting a newly developed comprehensive framework-Online Language Course Evaluation Framework (OLCEF)-this book is a guide on how to effectively evaluate online language courses. It includes a comprehensive overview of the essential components of an effective online language course and introduces the five key principles which form the evaluation process-pedagogical, language learning, social, cognitive, and technological. It describes in detail the three stages of the evaluation, providing an accessible guide for a step-by-step evaluation of an online language course. The book also includes an extensive review of the existing research, theories, evaluation frameworks and guidelines, and the authors' personal knowledge and experiences related to the evaluation of online language courses. Conveying practical advice in an accessible way and grounded in theory and research, it is essential reading for researchers and students in applied linguistics and language education, as well as instructors, administrators, and curriculum and instructional designers.
An engaging and comprehensive introduction to phonetics and phonology, this textbook innovatively integrates extensive audio-visual materials and multiple language examples. Introducing the vocal tract, speech production and acoustic characteristics of speech, it describes major sound types attested in languages, covers key phonological concepts, and examines a range of sound and prosodic patterns. English is de-centered with all languages treated as equally worthy of study. Students are therefore exposed to data from a wide range of typologically diverse languages, many of which are indigenous, sourced from recent, rigorous language descriptions. Written in an accessible style with all technical terms clearly explained, students will gain an understanding of key concepts as well as practical skills in listening, transcribing, reading acoustic representations and doing phonological analysis. Pedagogical features include embedded audio and video in an enhanced interactive eBook, quizzes, key concept lists, suggestions for further reading and exploration, and approximately 100 original exercises.
What is language and how does it work? The ability to use language is one of the most remarkable cognitive capacities humans possess. This book investigates, in a clear and accessible style, what is going on behind the words. Based on a rich literature of empirical research, Hilpert argues that human language emerges from a network of social and cognitive skills, such as categorization, joint attention, and analogical reasoning, which are not just used in language, but also in other domains of human cognition. Each chapter covers a different aspect of language and shows how these are all interlinked as part of a social and cognitive system, to show that ultimately, the foundations of language are not in themselves linguistic. For anyone who is curious about the human linguistic capacity, this fascinating book offers a compelling account of how language works, and how its complexity emerges from simpler components.
Minimalism – a long-established branch of Chomsky's Generative approach - has become increasingly influential not just in syntactic research, but across, and outside of, linguistics. Bringing together a team of renowned scholars, this handbook provides a comprehensive guide to current developments in generative syntactic theory, and its relevance to the interfaces, and to interdisciplinary applications to linguistics and beyond. Organised into five thematic parts, chapters cover minimalist perspectives on the linguistic interfaces, language in context and language development, formalist approaches to experimental syntax and computational modelling, and inter- and multidisciplinary explorations beyond language - including language pathologies, evolutionary perspectives, non-human cognition, and biolinguistics. Bringing together different theoretical points of view on the narrow syntactic and interface areas of theoretical linguistics, it is essential reading for academic researchers and advanced students across various subfields of linguistics, including syntax, semantics, morphology, phonology, discourse, language contact, and language change.
Are you curious about how language works? This entertaining compendium features 50+ competitive games, challenging puzzles, and light-hearted quizzes, each introducing a concept from a branch of linguistics. You will crack the secret lingo of shady showmen, root out etymological impostors, and decipher ancient hieroglyphics – all while gaining valuable insights into the science of language. Drawing from a decade of material in Babel: The Language Magazine, this compilation transforms linguistics concepts into a series of puzzles, games, and quizzes designed to both enlighten and entertain. Written by Tristan Miller, a veteran puzzle author and computational linguist, its edifying explanations and vibrant visuals deliver an engaging learning experience and bridge the gap between linguistic academia and the general reader. Whether you are an aspiring polyglot, a puzzle enthusiast, or merely curious about how language works, Language Games is sure to deepen your appreciation for the beauty and diversity of human communication.
Not long ago, the dinner table was the heart of everyday family life, a place where everyone gathered after work or school to share their day over food. Today, instant messaging has become a new kind of virtual dinner table. Families move, live apart, and span generations, yet family talk continues-online. This fascinating book explores how contemporary families, including families-in-law, gather and connect in family chatrooms. Through the lens of Interactional Sociolinguistics 2.0, it shows how family members use not just language but also everyday photos and videos to build family talk, manage familial relationships, and shape family identity. Offering a detailed sociolinguistic and cultural account, it highlights three key phenomena that define family group chats: text-image-participant relations, multimodal displays of power and solidarity, and the interplay of frames and chronotopes. Together, these insights reveal how family talk continues to thrive in the digital age, beyond the dinner table.
Many of the accounts of argumentation and deliberation available in the literature paint an overly idealized picture of these processes, assuming agents with no cognitive limitations and largely cooperative settings where all participants have a similar social standing and shared goals. This book breaks away from these idealized accounts; it investigates how reason and power interact in argumentative processes by focusing on the effects upon these processes of power differentials, conflicts of interests, and the cognitive limitations of human agents. It seeks to investigate the limits of discursive rationality, thus moderating unrestricted optimism on the power of reason, while also recognizing the important role that rational arguments play in various domains (science, politics, education). Its extensive use of real-life examples ensures that the analysis remain grounded in concrete situations, and facilitates the reader's understanding of the main theoretical framework developed throughout the book.
'The traffic was a nightmare today'; 'you're a star'; 'he's an early bird'; 'we need to get our ducks in a row'. Metaphors like these are so enmeshed within our language that we barely realise we are using them. This book, written by world-renowned expert, provides a clear, comprehensive discussion of how we understand and use metaphor, with a focus on ordinary conversation. It begins by defining metaphors, moving on to explore their communicative role in a range of settings across regular and professional life, and finishing with an overview of the main theoretical approaches to metaphor. Drawing on current research findings, each chapter concludes with a brief discussion of how the topics covered are useful in everyday communication. Ideas are explained in non-technical language, using examples from real-life conversation - making it ideal for students of Communication, Linguistics and Psychology, or anyone interested in the fascinating world of metaphor.