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The heuristic principle of empirical discovery in semantics, as in all other understanding, is here derived from the particular case of words apprehended as mysterious in their environment; it is the rule that the best guess is that one which maximizes the redundancy of word and environment together. But the environment cannot be exclusively delimited; it is partly wordy and partly wordless, partly factual and partly fictionally invented, partly past and partly future, and so on without limit. Thus correspondence meaning (Hill 1970) can be separated out from ‘other’ meaning(s) only conceptually and then only for the moment; as soon as one tries to employ the distinction, it vanishes.
[The three main types of Indo-European roots follow one and the same pattern in their vowel alternation; the differences they present historically must be the result of phonetic changes. The monosyllabic long-vowel roots (heavy bases) are generally recognized as a special case of the short-vowel roots. In the ablaut system of dissyllabic roots, the second syllable seems to be ignored. It must have arisen either (1) from vocalization of an old laryngeal, or (2) from metathesis of the full vowel in a number of old monosyllabic roots containing a sonant.]
Since different writers do not in fact agree in the phonemic treatment of the same language, there arise then frequent controversies over the ‘correctness’ or ‘incorrectness’ in the use of phonemes.
Yuen-Ren Chao
This paper discusses various types of phonological phenomena, some of the concepts that linguists have employed in dealing with them, and certain questions to which previous work in phonological theory has not provided satisfactory answers. These considerations lead to the recognition of some distinctions heretofore overlooked and to a new theory of phonology, certain features of which are outlined.
[Greek perfects in -ϕα or -χα from verb-stems ending in π, κ, or γ owe the aspiration to Indo-Hittite perfect endings beginning with a voiceless laryngeal: 1st sg. -xa and 3d pl. .]
[The unaccented hombre as indefinite subject virtually faded out of use in Spanish in the sixteenth century, because of the competition of the passive, the impersonal reflexive, and other substitutes; because of its phonetic identity with the accented definite hombre ‘man’; possibly also because of the unwieldiness of an unaccented dissyllable.]
If we threw a cork out on the waves of a pond, it would rise and fall as they passed under it. From the time it rode one crest until it dipped down and came up on top of the next, would represent one double vibration, and the number of such dips it had to make in a second would show the speed at which the wave was travelling and could be represented in d.v./sec. So, if it made 100 such dips in a second, we would say the waves were travelling at the rate of 100 d.v./sec.