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For those psychologists for whom psychology is a study of the conditions known as the cultural status of the individual, or the anthropological status of the group, the study of the language mechanisms is taking on a new aspect. Language as a form of behavior through which the individual adjusts himself to a social environment, is not the same thing as language as a medium of expression of so-called subjective desires, hopes, and aspirations. As a form of behavior, language represents biological, physiological, and social conditions; as a medium of expression, it assumes the existence of non-physical forces or types of psychical energy whose existence has not been adequately demonstrated. Therefore, when the psychologist finds himself confronted with the request to make a “psychological” explanation, or a “psychological” interpretation of a careful and detailed linguistic investigation, he is unable to add anything and if anything is added it often only obscures the investigation.
Evidence is presented that the superficial Subject-Verb-Object word order of English arises by a transformation from an underlying constituent order in which clauses begin with verbs—or more correctly, predicates: the representation in question here is a semantic one in which noun, verb, adjective, conjunction, etc. are undifferentiated.
The statements made in this chapter are based upon an examination of some two hundred examples of that combination of substantive and participle known as the ab urbe condita construction. In my introduction I showed why I considered the classification inexact. However, in discussing the examples which have been so classified in the past, it will be convenient to use the term until a better one can be found.
In order to clarify the phonemic status of Gmc. i and e, it is necessary to reach some conclusion regarding the disputed historical development of IE i in Germanic. The assumption of a regular change of IE i to Gmc. e before a, ō, or is refuted especially by the evidence of the i in the past participles of first-class strong verbs and in adverbs such as OHG hina, nidana, but a considerable number of e-forms in the various Germanic dialects must be explained. It can be shown that the partial overlapping in Germanic of the two phonemes /i/ (represented in all environments by [i]) and /e/ (with the allophones [i] and [e]) led to the occasional development of an e-allophone of /i/ by a type of systemic analogy.