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101326 results in Language and Linguistics

Page 624 of 5067

  • 4 - Representing Words’ Forms

  • Maria Heitmeier, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Yu-Ying Chuang, National Taiwan Normal University, Harald Baayen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
  • Book:
    The Discriminative Lexicon
    Published online:
    15 May 2026
    Print publication:
    19 February 2026, pp 47-55

  • Summary

    In any model of the mental lexicon, representations of words’ forms are needed. The DLM makes use of numerical vectors. The simplest numerical form vectors are derived from orthographic or phonological representations, which are rerepresented as binary vectors (i.e., as lists of numbers containing only 1s and 0s), which results in a rather abstract form representation (see Chapter 1.4). For a word such as, for instance, aap ‘monkey’, one possible binary vector representation is obtained in the following way. First, the word is split up into overlapping bigrams. Thus, aap is split into the bigrams #a, aa, ap, p#, with # denoting word boundaries. If we split the word into tri-grams, it would look like this: #aa, aap, ap# (see Box 4.1 as to why we use n-gram representations rather than making use of phonemes).

  • The semantic basis of control in english

  • Ray Jackendoff, Peter W. Culicover
  • Journal:
    Language / Volume 79 / Issue 3 / September 2003
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    19 February 2026, pp. 517-556

  • Our intent here, in the face of a persistent tradition of studying control in purely syntactic terms, is to reiterate the fundamental importance of semantics in the control problem, and to articulate some of the semantic factors more precisely than has heretofore been possible. After presenting familiar obstacles to a theory of control based on syntactic binding, we make a three-way distinction between ‘unique control’ (usually called obligatory control), ‘free control’, and ‘nearly free control’ (the last two falling under traditional nonobligatory control). We show that in a very large class of cases of unique control, the controlled vp denotes an action and the controller is the character who has the onus for that action. This analysis is applied to four major classes of control verbs and their nominals, as well as a class of adjectives, showing that semantic role reliably identifies the controller, and syntactic position does not. Through a formalization in terms of conceptual structure, we begin to be able to explain much of control directly from the lexical decomposition of the matrix verb. Several classes of exceptions to the conditions on unique control are treated as cases of coercion, in which extra conventionalized semantic material is added that is not present in syntax.

  • The Editor's Department: Annual Report

  • Brian D. Joseph
  • Journal:
    Language / Volume 81 / Issue 2 / June 2005
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    19 February 2026, pp. 547-555
    • Article
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  • The characterization of exclamative clauses in Paduan

  • Raffaella Zanuttini, Paul Portner
  • Journal:
    Language / Volume 76 / Issue 1 / March 2000
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    19 February 2026, pp. 123-132

  • In this descriptive report we outline the structural pattern of exclamative clauses in Paduan. Because of the close similarity between exclamative and interrogative clauses in this language, we begin by developing a number of tests which allow us to distinguish these two clause types. We then present the range of exclamative structures. A variety of factors interact to mark a clause as an exclamative, yielding a quite complex array of facts. We view this work as the basis for future study in the syntax and semantics of exclamatives.

Page 624 of 5067