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101326 results in Language and Linguistics

Page 634 of 5067

  • Grammars leak: Modeling how phonotactic generalizations interact within the grammar

  • Andrew Martin
  • Journal:
    Language / Volume 87 / Issue 4 / December 2011
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    19 February 2026, pp. 751-770

  • I present evidence from Navajo and English that weaker, gradient versions of morpheme-internal phonotactic constraints, such as the ban on geminate consonants in English, hold even across prosodic word boundaries. I argue that these lexical biases are the result of a maximum entropy phonotactic learning algorithm that maximizes the probability of the learning data, but that also contains a smoothing term that penalizes complex grammars. When this learner attempts to construct a grammar in which some constraints are blind to morphological structure, it underpredicts the frequency of compounds that violate a morpheme-internal phonotactic. I further show how, over time, this learning bias could plausibly lead to the lexical biases seen in Navajo and English.

  • Identificational Focus Versus Information Focus

  • Katalin É. Kiss
  • Journal:
    Language / Volume 74 / Issue 2 / June 1998
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    19 February 2026, pp. 245-273

  • This article argues that identificational focus, which expresses exhaustive identification and occupies the specifier of a functional projection, must be distinguished in language description from information focus, which conveys new information and involves no syntactic reordering. The properties of the two types of focus are established on the basis of Hungarian and English material. It is argued that the cleft constituent is the realization of identificational focus in English. Only-phrases are analyzed as identificational foci carrying an evaluative presupposition. The feature specification of identificational focus is shown to be subject to parametric variation: the focus operators of various languages are specified for the positive value of either or both of the features [+exhaustive] and [+contrastive].

  • 8 - Producing Forms

  • Maria Heitmeier, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Yu-Ying Chuang, National Taiwan Normal University, Harald Baayen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
  • Book:
    The Discriminative Lexicon
    Published online:
    15 May 2026
    Print publication:
    19 February 2026, pp 87-93

  • Summary

    For production, as described above, we can evaluate how accurate the mappings are. However, even when we know that a given form vector ĉ is very close to the targeted c vector, we still do not know what the exact form is. In order to produce a form, we need to put form cues together in their proper order. In JudiLing, this can be accomplished with the JudiLing.learn_paths function. There are four essential steps involved in this function: positional learning, thresholding, finding paths, and path selection by means of synthesis-by-analysis.

Page 634 of 5067