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16153 results in Animal behaviour

Page 79 of 808

  • 13 - Back into European Wildlife

  • from Part III - Saving Species
  • Edited by Allison B. Kaufman, University of Connecticut, Meredith J. Bashaw, Franklin and Marshall College, Pennsylvania, Terry L. Maple
  • Book:
    Scientific Foundations of Zoos and Aquariums
    Published online:
    21 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 339-366

  • Summary

    The northern bald ibis is a migratory bird with the characteristic fate of many extremely rare species: critically endangered in the wild, but prospering in captivity. From 1949, individuals from former colonies in the Moroccan Atlas were kept in European zoos. Currently, there are more than 2000 individuals in numerous zoo breeding colonies around the world. At the same time, the wild populations have dramatically declined. The last Syrian individual with the species-typical migratory lifestyle disappeared in 2014. In the same year, the reintroduction project of the Waldrappteam (Waldrapp is the German name of the species) turned into a large and popular European conservation project, co-financed by the European Union’s LIFE program, the EU's financial instrument supporting environmental, nature conservation, and climate action projects throughout the EU. The reintroduction of a migratory northern bald ibis population in Europe is still the focal point of the activities, but the scope of the project is far beyond that. The main added values are campaigns against illegal hunting and electrocution of migrating birds, as well as basic research on bird flight and bird migration.

  • 9 - Empowering Zoo Animals

  • from Part II - Captive Care and Management
  • Edited by Allison B. Kaufman, University of Connecticut, Meredith J. Bashaw, Franklin and Marshall College, Pennsylvania, Terry L. Maple
  • Book:
    Scientific Foundations of Zoos and Aquariums
    Published online:
    21 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 241-273

  • Summary

    Modern zoos and aquariums have evolved from places of entertainment only to organizations engaged in research, conservation, and education. This evolution has included an emphasis on the welfare of individual animals and investment in meeting the needs of the animals. One of the ways in which zoos are striving to improve animal welfare is through the provision of choice and control over aspects of the animals’ environments. While choice and control are often lumped together, they mean distinct things and have different implications for animal care. In this chapter, we aim to differentiate choice from control, explain why each is important for promoting animal welfare, illustrate some ways good zoos currently apply these ideas to improve animal experiences, and signpost directions for future growth.

  • 11 - Tough Questions, Complex Answers

  • from Part II - Captive Care and Management
  • Edited by Allison B. Kaufman, University of Connecticut, Meredith J. Bashaw, Franklin and Marshall College, Pennsylvania, Terry L. Maple
  • Book:
    Scientific Foundations of Zoos and Aquariums
    Published online:
    21 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 304-324

  • Summary

    Conservation involves ethical dilemmas. An example is culling – the humane euthanasia of animals for population management. As zoos strive to maintain populations of animals for the long-term to support conservation, provide recreation, and educate the public, a possible role for culling in zoo populations has been identified. We surveyed zookeeper attitudes regarding culling as an animal management practice. Analysis reveals that if keepers were exposed to culling of animals on a regular basis, they might experience moral stress, a stress that occurs when there is discord between what one does in one's occupation and one's reasons for entering that occupation. Responses were similar to those of animal shelter workers, who regularly conduct euthanasia of large numbers of animals, revealing some ethical dilemmas and difficult emotions that would require navigation if culling became widespread. In building a social contract for zoos that lays out a philosophy on maintaining animal collections, discussions of culling would likely benefit from greater education of zookeepers and animal managers on population management issues, as well as the management of diverse perspectives.

  • 1 - Evolving Approaches to Zoo-Based Conservation

  • from Part I - Programs and Initiatives
  • Edited by Allison B. Kaufman, University of Connecticut, Meredith J. Bashaw, Franklin and Marshall College, Pennsylvania, Terry L. Maple
  • Book:
    Scientific Foundations of Zoos and Aquariums
    Published online:
    21 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 45-63

  • Summary

    Zoos and aquariums are powerful forces in animal conservation and education. As zoos and aquariums work to save animals and their habitats, they have expanded their research programs, basic and applied, on site and in the field. This chapter provides a broad overview of key issues related to the history, purpose, justification, utility, and diversity of research conducted in modern zoological parks and aquariums today. The breadth of scientific disciplines spans from the molecular to the individual to the population and to the ecosystem where they are reintroduced or conserved. We touch on a variety of important issues associated with the conduct of research in zoological institutions, including a brief exploration of the history of zoo research; advantages and disadvantages of conducting research in the zoo setting; the diversity, purpose, and utility of zoo research; administration of zoo research programs; research priority setting; zoo–university and other partnerships; animal welfare and other ethical considerations; publication of research results; and funding to sustain zoo research programs.

  • 2 - Protecting an Underwater Rainforest

  • from Part I - Programs and Initiatives
  • Edited by Allison B. Kaufman, University of Connecticut, Meredith J. Bashaw, Franklin and Marshall College, Pennsylvania, Terry L. Maple
  • Book:
    Scientific Foundations of Zoos and Aquariums
    Published online:
    21 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 64-90

  • Summary

    The southeastern United States is home to the highest diversity of freshwater animals in North America. Unfortunately, their habitats are facing similar conservation challenges as freshwater ecosystems around the world, and these animals are at grave risk of extinction. The Tennessee Aquarium has established a conservation framework of “discover, act, and share” in order to protect the species in our region. Our first goal is to build knowledge of these understudied freshwater communities. By simulating headwater stream communities in artificial streams, we can build understanding of how a changing environment affects the distribution of specific species and the structure of the overall community. At a larger scale, we compare diversity and imperilment levels of fishes, mussels, and crayfishes in different watersheds to prioritize regional conservation efforts. We act on our scientific knowledge by using our expertise in aquatic husbandry to advance best practices for the reintroduction of imperiled animals. Finally, we use our exhibits and work with the media to craft outreach and communication messages that resonate with our audience.

  • 21 - Studying Play in Zoos and Aquariums

  • from Part IV - Basic Research
  • Edited by Allison B. Kaufman, University of Connecticut, Meredith J. Bashaw, Franklin and Marshall College, Pennsylvania, Terry L. Maple
  • Book:
    Scientific Foundations of Zoos and Aquariums
    Published online:
    21 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 558-585

  • Summary

    Play behavior, commonly seen in zoos and aquariums, especially when animals are well housed, is fascinating to visitors, and zoos and aquariums are a potentially rich source of both basic and applied knowledge about this often mysterious behavior. Here, we provide some background on recognizing and studying play, as well as the diversity of the types and manifestations of play one can observe and study in exhibit facilities. The role of play in the psychological well-being of captive animals and the habitat and environmental provisions are discussed, along with play as an adjunct in animal training procedures. Opportunities for research on the role of play in development, adaptation to captivity, and comparative studies are great and greatly important.

  • 7 - Lear’s Macaw (Anodorhynchus leari) Ex Situ Breeding Program at São Paulo Zoo

  • from Part II - Captive Care and Management
  • Edited by Allison B. Kaufman, University of Connecticut, Meredith J. Bashaw, Franklin and Marshall College, Pennsylvania, Terry L. Maple
  • Book:
    Scientific Foundations of Zoos and Aquariums
    Published online:
    21 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 191-211

  • Summary

    The Lear’s macaw is a threatened, endemic species in the northeast of Bahia, with a current population of 1,354 birds. The main threats are loss of habitat, illegal trafficking, and even attacks by farmers, as macaws consume part of the corn plantations. In situ and ex situ actions have been essential for the conservation of the species. We describe the reproductive management of the Lear’s macaws at São Paulo Zoo and São Paulo Wild Fauna Conservation Center (CECFAU). In 2015 and 2016, nine chicks were born from the same couple at the Zoo. The chicks’ development was compared to birds born in other institutions, as well as to chicks born in the wild. At CECFAU, a flock of birds of reproductive age and wild origins was maintained in a complex of enclosures based on their natural habitat. Territorial disputes and dominance relationships between couples were observed, as well as some intensified reproductive behaviors, probably stimulated by competition. The information obtained from the development of the chicks and the flocking process may contribute to the improvement of their reproductive management in captivity and the maintenance of a sustainable population.

  • 15 - Condor Conservation Comes Home to Roost

  • from Part III - Saving Species
  • Edited by Allison B. Kaufman, University of Connecticut, Meredith J. Bashaw, Franklin and Marshall College, Pennsylvania, Terry L. Maple
  • Book:
    Scientific Foundations of Zoos and Aquariums
    Published online:
    21 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 400-439

  • Summary

    The Santa Barbara Zoo began with baby steps in 1998 on its journey to join the recovery efforts to restore wild populations of California condors. The need to develop a public constituency for saving condors and the ability to provide resources and a team of professionals to assist with the field conservation program were a perfect fit for the Santa Barbara Zoo. Located in close proximity to prime condor habitat for the southern California population of condors, the Zoo would prove to be a valuable partner to the US Fish and Wildlife Service and the other members of the recovery program.

  • 14 - The Thin Green Line

  • from Part III - Saving Species
  • Edited by Allison B. Kaufman, University of Connecticut, Meredith J. Bashaw, Franklin and Marshall College, Pennsylvania, Terry L. Maple
  • Book:
    Scientific Foundations of Zoos and Aquariums
    Published online:
    21 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 367-399

  • Summary

    The Houston toad (Anaxyrus houstonensis) was one of the first amphibians to be protected by the Endangered Species Act in 1973 and is found only in east-central Texas. Habitat destruction, droughts, and a devastating wildfire have placed additional pressure on declining populations. The Houston Zoo has been working with local partners since 2007 to develop a captive assurance colony of Houston toads and to produce progeny for release back into the wild. Our captive assurance colony is truly the thin green line between species persistence and extinction. Medium-sized toads that vary in natural hues from green to red to brown, these amphibian ambassadors are the little toads that could. At least, we hope they are. Our colony housed between 400 and 2,000 toads that have survived a variety of medical crises, including developmental abnormalities, mycobacterial infections, encephalitis from chlamydial infections, and tumor development. We have learned a lot about amphibian medicine and had both missteps and triumphs along the way, building up toad numbers one season at a time and releasing individuals to the wild in an effort to reduce the chance of extinction of this native Texan.

  • 16 - Saving the Black-Footed Ferret from Extinction

  • from Part III - Saving Species
  • Edited by Allison B. Kaufman, University of Connecticut, Meredith J. Bashaw, Franklin and Marshall College, Pennsylvania, Terry L. Maple
  • Book:
    Scientific Foundations of Zoos and Aquariums
    Published online:
    21 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 440-474

  • Summary

    The black-footed ferret story is one of success and triumph, but it is also not finished. At one point in its history, there were fewer than 30 individuals in the world. But the passion of wildlife biologists prevented its extinction, and now, after 30 years of captive breeding, we have produced over 9,100 individuals. Some ferrets are released into the wild and others remain in breeding facilities across North American zoos and the United States National Black-Footed Ferret Conservation Center to retain the species’ gene diversity and again to support current and new reintroduction sites. In this chapter, I will describe how we use science to help this species remain in existence now and into the future.

  • 3 - Headstarting as a Conservation Strategy for Threatened and Endangered Species

  • from Part I - Programs and Initiatives
  • Edited by Allison B. Kaufman, University of Connecticut, Meredith J. Bashaw, Franklin and Marshall College, Pennsylvania, Terry L. Maple
  • Book:
    Scientific Foundations of Zoos and Aquariums
    Published online:
    21 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 91-111

  • Summary

    Zoos can play an integral role in headstarting, a conservation strategy involving the rearing of animals in zoos from birth or hatching and throughout the time when they are susceptible to the mortalities young animals experience in nature. Once they pass that critical period, they are returned to nature to help sustain wild populations. WCS’s Bronx and Queens zoos are involved in several such programs. The Bronx Zoo was instrumental in identifying the parameters required to rear maleo chicks, an endangered Indonesian bird. WCS’s field program in Indonesia adopted these protocols and 12,772 chicks have been headstarted since 2001. The Queens and Roger Williams Park Zoos are part of a multiagency team headstarting New England cottontail rabbits (NECTs), a species with a declining population. To date, 191 NECTs have been reintroduced to sites in New England. The Bronx Zoo also works with Eastern hellbenders, the US’s largest amphibian. The zoo hatches hellbender eggs collected from Allegheny watershed streams and rears the young until they reach a size where they are too large for most aquatic predators. The zoo has successfully reared nearly 300 hellbenders for release.

Page 79 of 808