Many futures contracts contain a delivery option, which allows the short position a choice to deliver one of several varieties of a commodity. Several authors have argued that delivery options can have considerable value. For a forward contract with a delivery option, this paper shows that a continuously adjusted hedge will drive the value of the delivery option towards zero, assuming perfect and frictionless markets.

This paper tests the Value Additivity Principle (VAP) of financial assets with the pricing of Standard Oil securities in 1912. The results are somewhat mixed: the VAP does not generally describe the daily prices of equivalent Standard Oil portfolios, but it accurately describes their average market values; and the portfolio values display convergent adjustment behavior that tends to equalize them quite rapidly. On balance, these findings are consistent with the VAP.

In this paper, tests are conducted for the presence of unit roots in the autoregression representation of foreign exchange currency futures price series. The results obtained from five different currency futures over the 1977–1983 period suggestthat foreign currency futures rates have autoregressive representations with a singleunit root (i.e., borderline nonstationarity). In view of this result, it appears thatthe process generating the natural logarithm of foreign currency futures rates may well be approximated by random walks.

This paper reviews previous and current research on the relation between price changes and trading volume in financial markets, and makes four contributions. First, two empirical relations are established: volume is positively related to the magnitude of the price change and, in equity markets, to the price change per se. Second, previous theoretical research on the price-volume relation is summarized and critiqued, and major insights are emphasized. Third, a simple model of the price-volume relation is proposed that is consistent with several seemingly unrelated or contradictory observations. And fourth, several directions for future research are identified.

This paper tests the hypothesis that option prices contain information not reflected in contemporaneous stock prices. An options transactions data base is used for the purpose. The evidence suggests that the magnitude of anticipation of stock prices by option prices is insufficient to overcome the bid/ask spread for intra-day holding periods. Implications of the profits in the overnight-holding periods are discussed.

A popular hypothesis to explain the anomalous January returns of common stocks is based on the argument that there is considerable tax-loss selling by investors toward the end of the year. The purpose of this study is to test the tax-loss-selling hypothesis with data on Canadian stocks. Although the introduction of capital gains tax in Canada seems to have affected the behavior of stock returns, the findings do not support the proposition that taxinduced trading is the sole cause of the seasonality in stock returns in Canada.

This paper employs recent developments in agency theory to study the impact that compensation contracts have on portfolio management investment decisions in a restricted mean-variance world. Two types of incentive contracts for mutual fund managers are analyzed and compared. The results show that the “symmetric” contract, while not necessarily eliminating agency costs, dominates the “bonus” contract in aligning the manager's interests with those of the investor.

This paper examines the associations between the adoption of a short-term compensation contract and changes in executive expenditure decisions for a sample of major commercial banks. In particular, the analysis concentrates primarily on changes in executive expenditures on discretionary items (expenditures preferred more by the manager than by shareholders). The results indicate that the adoption of a short-term compensation plan is associated with modest decreases in the ratio of discretionary expenditures to current operating revenue and the ratio of discretionary expenditures to managerial compensation for banks making the contractual change. These results are consistent with the conclusion that the mix of discretionary expenditures and effort selected by the manager changes with the adoption of a short-term compensation contract.

This paper examines the effect of risk differences on the oft-documented negative relationship between stock returns and inflation. We find risk-related patterns of coefficients on our estimates of the level and change in expected inflation and on unexpected inflation. These patterns are consistent with the hypothesis developed in Fama [2] and in Geske and Roll [7] that future real output growth simultaneously helps to determine current stock returns and various measures of inflation.