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Affective organizational commitment is theorized and empirically tested as a key mediator between authentic leadership and desirable employee outcomes. The results of a two-wave survey of 830 business people in Australia support a serial mediation model of authentic leadership efficacy. Followers' perceptions of authentic leadership behavior influence their personal identification and affect-based trust in the leader, which in turn are mediated by affective organizational commitment to positively influence their work engagement and job satisfaction. These findings reinforce previous work that positions personal identification and affect-based trust as the two primary mediating mechanisms of authentic leadership. This paper extends prior research by demonstrating the important role of followers' affective bonds with their organization in the operation of authentic leadership, moving beyond the dyad in our understanding of follower outcomes.
What is it like to work in a place that is both a thriving and close-knit community and a globally recognised part of the commercial sex industry? London's Soho has always been a place of complexity, contrast and change throughout its colourful history, yet urban branding, local community initiatives and licensing regulations have combined to 'clean up' Soho, arguably to the point of sanitisation, and commercial over-development remains a continuing threat. In spite of all this, Soho retains its edge and remains a unique place to live, work and consume. Based on a ten-year ethnographic study of working in Soho's sex shops, combining archival material, literary sources, photographic materials and interviews with men and women employed there, Tyler draws together insights from history, geography and cultural studies to tell the unseen story of this fascinating work place.
Preferential Services Liberalization offers the first, comprehensive analysis of the conditions that the World Trade Organization sets for preferential trade agreements (PTAs) in the area of services. Johanna Jacobsson provides an in-depth analysis of the relevant GATS rules, puts forward a practical method to analyze services PTAs, and applies the method to services agreements concluded by the EU. The result is a detailed examination of the legal criteria for services PTAs and methods to study them, combined with a better understanding of the level of liberalization reached by the EU and its member states. This book does go beyond the EU in analyzing the implications that multi-level governance has for international services liberalization. It proposes a new approach to study services commitments of any federal state and argues that lower levels of government should receive more attention in international negotiations over services trade.
The chapter explains the historic background of preferential trade, both in the area of goods and services. It also explains the key rules in different WTO agreements as well as their monitoring mechanisms.
The chapter starts Part III of the book, which concentrates on empirical study of services agreements. It explains earlier empirical research on services preferentialism and shows how the empirical methodology proposed in this book differs from such earlier works.
The chapter puts forward a theory on how to apply Art. V GATS to federal states. It advances the understanding that in federal states services trade should be liberalized on all levels of government.
Challenges relating to the methodology are expained, especially regarding difficulties in taking into account the economic significance of different services sectors and differences in the scheduling of services commitments between different WTO Members.
The chapter goes deeper into the key issue in services liberalization, which is the elimination of discrimination. It explains the challenges relating to the interpretation of services commitments and to understanding what entails discrimination in services trade.
The chapter provides an introduction to the entire book. It starts by explaining the basic purpose and motivation behind the book and then provides a short summary of the contents of the book.
The chapter analyzes the services commitments of three federal entities - the EU, United States and Canada through their trade agreements with Korea. Also NAFTA and CETA agreements are analyzed.
The chapter starts the last Part IV of the book. It explains the results of the empirical analysis that was carried out on four EIAs (economic integration agreements) of the EU. A summary of key results is provided for each agreement.
The chapter concludes by summarizing the key findings of the book and reminds of the relevance of the topic and the conclusions in the international trading environment of today.
The chapter opens Part II of the book, which focuses on services trade liberalization in federal states. It explains some of the central issues and problems that relate to services liberalization by federal states. Special attention is paid to the EU, Canada and the United States.