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Oriented matroids appear throughout discrete geometry, with applications in algebra, topology, physics, and data analysis. This introduction to oriented matroids is intended for graduate students, scientists wanting to apply oriented matroids, and researchers in pure mathematics. The presentation is geometrically motivated and largely self-contained, and no knowledge of matroid theory is assumed. Beginning with geometric motivation grounded in linear algebra, the first chapters prove the major cryptomorphisms and the Topological Representation Theorem. From there the book uses basic topology to go directly from geometric intuition to rigorous discussion, avoiding the need for wider background knowledge. Topics include strong and weak maps, localizations and extensions, the Euclidean property and non-Euclidean properties, the Universality Theorem, convex polytopes, and triangulations. Themes that run throughout include the interplay between combinatorics, geometry, and topology, and the idea of oriented matroids as analogs to vector spaces over the real numbers and how this analogy plays out topologically.
Combinatorial games are the strategy games that people like to play, for example chess, Hex, and Go. They differ from economic games in that there are two players who play alternately with no hidden cards and no dice. These games have a mathematical structure that allows players to analyse them in the abstract. Games of No Chance 4 contains the first comprehensive explorations of misère (last player to move loses) games, extends the theory for some classes of normal-play (last player to move wins) games and extends the analysis for some specific games. It includes a tutorial for the very successful approach to analysing misère impartial games and the first attempt at using it for misère partisan games. Hex and Go are featured, as well as new games: Toppling Dominoes and Maze. Updated versions of Unsolved Problems in Combinatorial Game Theory and the Combinatorial Games Bibliography complete the volume.
In this paper, we study discrepancy questions for spanning subgraphs of $k$-uniform hypergraphs. Our main result is that, for any integers $k \ge 3$ and $r \ge 2$, any $r$-colouring of the edges of a $k$-uniform $n$-vertex hypergraph $G$ with minimum $(k-1)$-degree $\delta (G) \ge (1/2+o(1))n$ contains a tight Hamilton cycle with high discrepancy, that is, with at least $n/r+\Omega (n)$ edges of one colour. The minimum degree condition is asymptotically best possible and our theorem also implies a corresponding result for perfect matchings. Our tools combine various structural techniques such as Turán-type problems and hypergraph shadows with probabilistic techniques such as random walks and the nibble method. We also propose several intriguing problems for future research.
This book surveys the state-of-the-art in the theory of combinatorial games, that is games not involving chance or hidden information. Enthusiasts will find a wide variety of exciting topics, from a trailblazing presentation of scoring to solutions of three piece ending positions of bidding chess. Theories and techniques in many subfields are covered, such as universality, Wythoff Nim variations, misère play, partizan bidding (a.k.a. Richman games), loopy games, and the algebra of placement games. Also included are an updated list of unsolved problems, extremely efficient algorithms for taking and breaking games, a historical exposition of binary numbers and games by David Singmaster, chromatic Nim variations, renormalization for combinatorial games, and a survey of temperature theory by Elwyn Berlekamp, one of the founders of the field. The volume was initiated at the Combinatorial Game Theory Workshop, January 2011, held at the Banff International Research Station.