The Curvy Ideals Internalization Scale (CII; Walker et al., 2022) is an 11-item self-report measure developed to assess internalization of a thick or curvy body type. The CII can be administered online or in-person and is free to use for research purposes, and has been validated among White, Black, and Black/White Biracial women. The chapter first discusses the development of the CII and then provides evidence of its psychometric properties. More specifically, the CII has been identified to have a three-factor structure, with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity support the CII’s use. The chapter provides the CII items in their entirety, instructions for administering and scoring the measure, and the item response scale. Logistics of use (e.g., copyright, permissions, and contact information) are provided for readers.

The Body Mass Index-Based Figure Rating Scale for Chinese Adolescents (C-BMI-FRS; Yu et al., 2022) provides a brief way to assess the body dissatisfaction of Chinese adolescents via calculating the discrepancy between their chosen actual and ideal body silhouettes. Height, weight, sex, and age data was calculated from a large sample of Chinese adolescents and a professional artist drew four equal height silhouettes for each sex (girls, boys) based on these data. The four silhouettes, which represented BMI values at the 20th, 40th, 60th, and 80th percentiles, were placed above a horizontal bar with 25 grids. Respondents choose the number (1-25) that represents the figure that they actually have and the figure they ideally would like to have. Their chosen ideal figure is then subtracted from their chosen actual figure. The figures and logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 20-item Fit Ideal Internalization Test (FIIT; Uhlmann et al., 2020) assesses girls’ and women’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that represent manifestations of three interrelated fit ideal internalization domains: personal idealization of the fit ideal, overvaluing of the fit ideal, and striving for a lean and toned female body shape. The FIIT operationalizes the fit ideal as a distinct set of ideals, values, and desires that differ from those associated with either the thin body ideal or the muscular body ideal. The FIIT can be administered online or in-person to female-identifying adolescent and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the FIIT and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the FIIT has a 3-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses: Fit Idealization (8 items), Fit Overvaluation (8 items), and Fit Behavioral Drive (4 items). Evidence has been found for a higher-order factor. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the FIIT. Next, this chapter provides the FIIT items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The human brain follows a clear and reliable timeline of development. Various stages of development are key to specific functions. Decision-making, due to its complexity, cannot be pinpointed to one age in development or a critical period, it undergoes several key stages through the lifespan. In the prenatal stage, myelination is important for cognitively demanding tasks like decision-making. In the newborn stage, the baby is constantly forming new synapses, increasing connectivity. During childhood most children develop the ability to use logic in decisions. Adolescence is a critical period for synaptic pruning, improving efficiency. The prefrontal cortex is considered fully mature in adulthood, around the age of 25.

The Body Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BIAAQ; Sandoz et al., 2013) is a 12-item measure of body image flexibility. Body image flexibility involves full awareness and openness to the experience of embodiment (e.g., body image thoughts, feelings, perceptions, sensations, etc.) in any one moment in such a way as to allow for engagement in valued action. The BIAAQ can be administered to adults or adolescents in person or online. This chapter discusses the development of the BIAAQ and provides evidence for its reliability and validity. More specifically, the majority of studies evaluating the psychometric properties of the BIAAQ have found the instrument to be composed of a single-factor. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, split-half reliability, convergent validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BIAAQ. This chapter provides the BIAAQ items in their entirety, instructions for administering the scale to participants and the scoring procedure. Abbreviated and translated versions are also summarized. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 15-item Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET; Murray et al., 2019) assesses attitudes and behaviors associated with the pursuit of muscularity, such as the rigid monitoring of dietary intake, rigid adherence to dietary rules, regulation of protein intake, propensity for eating more or less to influence muscularity, and the overevaluation of muscularity-oriented eating. The MOET can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the MOET and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis consistently suggest that the MOET is a unidimensional measure in a broad array of demographic and cultural settings. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the MOET. Next, this chapter provides the MOET items in their entirety, instructions for administering the MOET to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 37-item Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2; Mehling et al., 2018) assesses body awareness; that is, the ability to notice sensory signals originating from inside the body that provide information about its physiological states, processes, and actions. The MAIA-2 can be administered online or in-person to adults, including to clinical populations such as people with chronic pain, eating disorders, and depression (the 32-item MAIA-Youth should be used for children and adolescents). The MAIA-2 is free to use, and no written permission is required to use it for scholarly and non-commercial purposes. This chapter first describes the development of the MAIA-2, and then provides evidence of its psychometric properties. More specifically, the MAIA-2 was initially purported to have an 8-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. However, fit indices for the 8-factor model have been less-than-ideal in numerous studies, and more recently authors have found acceptable model fits when examining bi-factor models and a higher-order models, suggesting that the MAIA-2 items and scales, respectively, also load onto a general factor, with the exception of the Not-Distracting and Not-Worrying items, which may correlate with this factor. MAIA-2 scores are scalar invariant across men and women, and composite reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity largely support the use of the MAIA-2. Next, this chapter provides directions to the MAIA-2 items and instructions for administration, and the item response scale and scoring procedure. An overview of available translations and abbreviations is provided. Finally, permissions, copyright, and contact information are provided for readers.

The 14-item Muscularity Bias Internalization Scale (MBIS; He et al., 2022) assesses muscularity bias internalization or internalized muscularity stigma, which refers to the extent to which an individual endorses muscularity-based stereotypes and makes negative self-evaluations due to muscularity. The MBIS can be administered online and in-person to adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the MBIS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, the MBIS has been found to have a three-factor structure in Chinese men but a two-factor structure in Chinese women. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the MBIS. Next, this chapter provides the MBIS items, instructions for administering the MBIS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 19-item Body Understanding Measure for Pregnancy scale (BUMPs; Kirk & Preston 2019) assesses body dissatisfaction during pregnancy. The BUMPs can be administered online and/or in-person to pregnant individuals and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the BUMPs and then provides evidence of its psychometric validation. The BUMPs was developed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses which revealed a 3-factor structure with latent variables relating to (dis)satisfaction with appearing pregnant, concerns about weight gain, and physical burdens of pregnancy. The BUMPs is also found to be invariant across all three trimesters of pregnancy and therefore appropriate for use at all stages of pregnancy. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BUMPs. Next, this chapter provides the BUMPs items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BUMPs to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Information concerning a retrospective version of the BUMPs and current known translations is included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 14-item Intuitive Exercise Scale (IEXS; Reel et al., 2016) measures an individual’s adaptive relationship with exercise. Intuitive exercise is an exercise-specific parallel concept to intuitive eating; it entails listening to bodily cues for when to start or stop exercising, being mindful and having sensory awareness during exercise, and opting for diverse types of movement to maximize enjoyment. Intuitive exercise is distinguishable from other exercise constructs such as exercise abuse, excessive exercise, dysfunctional exercise, and exercise addiction. The IEXS can be administered online or in-person to adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the IEXS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the IEXS has a 4-factor structure via exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis among nonclinical samples (emotional exercise, body trust, exercise rigidity, and mindful exercise) and a 3-factor structure among women with eating disorders (emotional exercise, body intuition, and exercise variety). Internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and incremental validity support the use of the IEXS. Next, this chapter provides the IEXS items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. A link to a Lithuanian translation is included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The 6-item Viewing Body Positivity Online Content Scale (Kvardova et al., 2022) assesses the self-reported (perceived) frequency of viewing body positivity content online. The scale can be administered online or in-person to adolescents or adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the scale and then provides evidence of its psychometric characteristics. More specifically, the scale has been found to have a one-factor structure within confirmatory factor analysis and scalar measurement invariance between adolescent girls and boys, allowing for latent mean comparison across these gender groups. The high internal consistency reliability and preliminary evidence of validity, demonstrated through associations with related constructs, suggest its potential for measuring adolescents’ self-reported frequency of viewing body positivity content online. Next, this chapter provides the scale items in their entirety, instructions for administration, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Permissions, copyright, and contact information are provided for readers.

Digital innovation has the potential to be transformative to both clinical practice and academic research related to mental health. Recent advances in research and consumer-grade technology, combined with society’s rapid and widespread adoption of digital technology, has created an emerging and dynamic field attracting the interest of clinicians, researchers, and service-users alike. In this chapter we summarise potential applications of digital technology to mental health research and clinical practice, including digital phenotyping, smartphone applications, virtual reality, and teletherapy. We summarise how digital technologies might be applied to enhance psychiatric assessment and treatment, as well as in research settings. In particular, we outline the potential benefits of digital technology as clinical and research tools. We also explore the challenges associated with digital innovation in mental health, including ethical concerns, methodological considerations when critiquing research in this field, and considerations from the service-user perspective.

The 11-item Self-Oriented Comparison Scale-Appearance (SOCS-A; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2024) assesses self-oriented comparison, which occurs when a person compares their current body to their own body at previous points. The SOCS-A assesses both upward (comparing their current body to a previous more desirable version of their body) and downward (comparing their current body to a previous less desirable version of their body) self-oriented comparison. The SOCS-A can be administered to adults and adolescents, and there is no cost associated with using it. This chapter first discusses the development of the SOCS-A and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the SOCS-A has been found to have a 2-factor structure (Upward, Downward) within exploratory and/or confirmatory factor analyses as well as demonstrate gender invariance. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the SOCS-A, particularly the Upward subscale. Next, this chapter provides the SOCS-A items in their entirety, its item response scale, and instructions for administration and scoring. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ; Phillips, 1996) is a brief self-report questionnaire that screens for the presence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). The brief self-report Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire-Dermatology Version (BDDQ-Dermatology Version; Dufresne et al., 2001; Phillips et al., 2000) is similar to the BDDQ and was developed to screen for BDD in dermatology settings.

The 6-item Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale (FNAES; Lundgren et al., 2004) is a modification of Thomas et al.’s (1998) Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale and assesses respondents’ fear that their appearance will be negatively evaluated by others. The FNAES is distinct from other body image measures as it measures the fear associated with others’ potential negative judgements about one’s body, whereas body image and body dissatisfaction measures tend to measure one’s own judgements about one’s own body. The FNAES can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the FNAES and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the FNAES has a unidimensional factor structure within principal components and confirmatory factor analyses, and scores on the FNAES can be meaningfully compared across gender. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the FNAES. Next, this chapter provides the FNAES items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. A link to a French translation is included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The 6-item Centre for Appearance Research Valence Measure (CARVAL) and the 7-item Centre for Appearance Research Salience Measure (CARSAL; Moss & Rosser, 2012) assess different dimensions of body image. The CARVAL measures the valence of appearance-related thoughts and feelings, while the CARSAL assesses the salience or importance of appearance in an individual’s self-concept. These scales can be administered in-person to adolescents and adults and are free for use under a Creative Commons license. This chapter outlines the development of the CARVAL and CARSAL scales, including expert input and testing across diverse populations. Both scales have demonstrated strong psychometric properties, including high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha: .88 to .93 for CARVAL, .86 to .91 for CARSAL) and reliability. Confirmatory factor analyses support the scales’ cognitive, affective, and relational dimensions. This chapter provides detailed instructions for administering the scales, the Likert-based response format, and scoring procedures. Known translations include Portuguese, and further translations may be developed. The chapter also provides information on copyright and permissions, ensuring that these tools are accessible for research and clinical purposes.

The 13-item Negative Body Talk Scale (NBT scale; Engeln-Maddox et al., 2012) assesses women’s tendency to engage in negative, appearance-focused conversations about their body. The NBT scale can be administered online or in-person with adolescent and adult women and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the NBT scale as well as the academic literature on the link between girls’ and women’s negative body talk and body satisfaction. Next, this chapter provides evidence of the psychometric properties of the NBT scale. Specifically, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses conducted with samples of young adult, undergraduate women suggest a correlated two-factor structure (body concerns and body comparisons) for scores on the scale. Analyses of NBT scores from a large sample of U.S. college women (ages 18-35) indicated scalar (i.e., strong) invariance across three ethnic groups (Asian, Latina, and White). Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the NBT scale. This chapter provides the NBT scale items, instructions for administering the measure to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and citation information, are also provided for readers.