The 19-item Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI; Littleton et al., 2005) is a brief self-report measure of dysmorphic appearance concern that assesses preoccupation with perceived appearance defect(s), checking, camouflaging, and reassurance seeking behavior related to one’s appearance defect(s), and social avoidance due to appearance concerns. The BICI can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the BICI and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BICI has been found to either have a two-factor or three-factor correlated structure, depending on the nation/language in which it is administered. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity support the use of the BICI. Additionally, the BICI has been found to have good to excellent sensitivity and reasonable to excellent specificity in classifying clinical versus subclinical levels of dysmorphic symptoms and/or disordered eating. Next, this chapter provides the BICI items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BICI to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Information about an abbreviated version of the BICI and known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 7-item Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ; Oosthuizen et al., 1998) is designed to screen for, and quantify the degree of, dysmorphic concern in an individual. Dysmorphic concern describes an individual’s preoccupation with certain features of their physical appearance (e.g., hair, skin, nose, genitalia). Excessive levels may cause clinically significant distress and functional impairment, leaning to a diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). However, the DCQ is not a diagnostic tool for BDD; rather, it is a dimensional measure of dysmorphic concern and a screening tool with validated cut-offs for both clinically relevant appearance concern and BDD. The DCQ can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the DCQ and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the DCQ has a unidimensional factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and structural validity support the use of the DCQ. Next, this chapter provides the DCQ items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. Links to available translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The 17-item Thin Ideal Internalization Assessment (THIINA; Kidd et al., 2023) provides a multidimensional assessment of thin ideal internalization in adult women. The THIINA is a self-report questionnaire that can be administered online or in-person and is free to use. This chapter describes the development of the THIINA and outlines evidence of its psychometrics. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed the THIINA has a stable three-factor structure, reflecting three key domains of thin ideal internalization (i.e., Thin Overvaluation, Thin Idealization, and Thin Behavioral Drive). Evaluation of the questionnaire’s internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity provides support for the three THIINA subscales and composite score. This chapter also provides the THIINA items in their entirety, and administration and scoring procedures. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are also provided for readers.

The Perceived Effects of Media Exposure Scale (PEMES) assesses people’s beliefs about how their body image was impacted by exposure to specific media images (Frederick et al., 2017). It has been administered in experiments where participants are exposed to images of fashion models versus control images, and participants report whether the images had negative, neutral, or positive impacts on their feelings about different aspects of their appearance. It is was inspired by two previous scales that ask participants to assess the impact of pornography (Hald & Malamuth, 2008) and their body images (Body Image Quality of Life Inventory; Cash et al., 2004) on different aspects of their lives. The PEMES can be administered to adolescents and/or adults and is free to use. This chapter describes the development and psychometrics of the PEMES. The PEMES has been found to have a two-factor structure within two exploratory factor analyses: The PEMES-Weight subscale and PEMES-Face subscales. Internal reliability was high for both subscales. The chapter provides the PEMES items, responses scale, and scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 20-item Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised (ASI-R; Cash et al., 2004) assesses respondents’ investment in their appearance vis-à-vis their beliefs or assumptions about the importance, meaning, and influence of appearance in their life. The ASI-R measures two dimensions of appearance investment: self-evaluative salience (using appearance to measure self-worth) and motivational salience (appearance-related focus and engagement in appearance-related practices such as frequent grooming). The ASI-R can be administered online or in-person to adolescents or adults, and it is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the ASI-R and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis have supported the ASI-R’s 2-factor structure (self-evaluative salience, motivational salience) that is invariant across age and gender. Its internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity are supported. Next, this chapter provides all items, the response scale, and instructions for administering and scoring the ASI-R. Links to known translations are included. Logistics of use, such as how to obtain and purchase the ASI-R, permissions, copyright, and contact information are available for readers.

The 5-item Appearance subscale of the Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale (CSWS; Crocker et al., 2003) assesses the extent to which individuals base their self-worth on their appearance. The CSWS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the CSWS and its seven domains and then provides evidence of its psychometrics, underscoring the Appearance subscale given its connection to body image, the focus of this handbook. More specifically, the Appearance subscale has been found to be a distinct factor within the 7-factor CSWS, which was found to be invariant across gender. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, incremental validity, and predictive validity support the use of the Appearance subscale. Next, this chapter provides the Appearance subscale items in their entirety, instructions for administering the Appearance subscale to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Links to known CSWS translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The traditional case register involved assembling records of people with a given condition in order to support cohort studies to describe and investigate the course of their condition and other outcomes. This old design has been resurrected and revolutionised following the widespread implementation of fully electronic healthcare records over the past few decades, providing ‘big data’ resources that are both large and very detailed. These, in turn, are being further enhanced through linkages with complementary administrative data (both health and non-health) and through natural language processing generating structured meta-data from source text fields. This chapter provides an overview of this rapidly developing research infrastructure, considering and advising on some of the challenges faced by researchers planning studies using clinical data and by those considering future resource development.

The 28-item Body Exposure during Sexual Activities Questionnaire (BESAQ; Cash et al., 2004) assesses respondents’ anxious attentional focus on and avoidance of exposing their body during sexual relations. The BESAQ can be administered online or in-person to sexually active adolescents or adults and items are averaged to obtain a total score. It is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BESAQ and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity support the use of the BESAQ. Next, this chapter provides all BESAQ items, instructions for administering the BESAQ to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. An 18-item abbreviated form is discussed. Known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 26-item Body Dissatisfaction Scale for Adults (BDS; Tariq & Ijaz, 2015) assesses dissatisfaction with different parts of body. The BDS can be administered online and/or in-person to young adults, and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the BDS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BDS has been found to have 4-factor structure for males and 3- factor structure for females within exploratory factor analyses and has been found to be mostly invariant across different cultures and languages (except 1 item). Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity, support the use of the BDS. Next, this chapter provides the BDS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BDS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 16-item Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale (BASES; Castonguay et al., 2014) was developed to measure shame, guilt, authentic pride, and hubristic pride for use in body- and appearance-related contexts. The BASES can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BASES and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis support a 4-factor structure (body shame, body guilt, authentic pride, hubristic pride). Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, content validity, concurrent validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BASES. Next, this chapter provides the BASES items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BASES to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 12-item Intuitive Eating Scale-3 (IES-3; Tylka et al., 2024) assesses intuitive eating, or being connected to internal hunger, satiety, and appetitive cues and flexibly using these cues to determine when, what, and how much to eat. The IES-3 can be administered online or in-person and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the IES-3 and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the IES-3 has been shown to have a general IE factor and four specific factors (unconditional permission to eat, eating for physical rather than emotional reasons, reliance on internal hunger and satiety cues, body-food choice congruence) via bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling. The IES-3 was found to be invariant across gender and lacked measurement bias across gender, age, and BMI. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the IES-3. Next, this chapter provides the IES-3 items in their entirety, instructions for administering it to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The 16-item Physical Appearance and State and Trait Anxiety Scale (PASTAS; Reed et al., 1991) assesses state and trait level body image anxiety. The PASTAS can be administered online and/or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the PASTAS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the PASTAS has been found to have a two or three factor structure within exploratory factor analyses with evidence of factorial invariance in male and female samples, as well as sports and non-sports practitioners. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the PASTAS. Next, this chapter provides the PASTAS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the PASTAS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

Clinical trials are a cornerstone of evaluating new interventions. Although there are similarities between clinical trials across medical specialties there are specific issues that need to be considered when designing, running and evaluating clinical trials in mental health. The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the common principles and methods of interventional clinical trials with illustrations drawn from general psychiatry. The chapter provides a guide to understanding clinical trials from design to analysis, drawing on recent work to illustrate fundamental concepts and covers novel factorial and platform designs. outlining advantages and disadvantages of each. This chapter summarises essential steps of interventional clinical trials in psychiatry describing the process from initial hypothesis generation, the role of patient and public involvement, steps to prepare a trial protocol, statistical considerations dissemination of results. The aim is to provide the reader with the tools to be able to understand different methodologies and in design of clinical trial in mental health.

The 12-item Perceived Benefits of Thinness Scale (PBTS; Flatt et al., 2022)] assesses an individual’s beliefs about how being thinner would positively influence aspects of their life including their self-esteem, satisfaction, mood, relationships, and professional success. The PBTS can be administered online and/or in-person to adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the PBTS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the PBTS has been found to have a single-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the PBTS. Next, this chapter provides the PBTS items in their entirety, instructions for administration to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 7-item Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS; Alleva, Tylka, & Kroon Van Diest, 2017) assesses functionality appreciation, defined as appreciating, respecting, and honoring the body for what it is capable of doing, extending beyond mere awareness of body functionality. The FAS can be administered online and/or in person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the FAS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the FAS has been found to have a one-dimensional factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and has demonstrated gender invariance, invariance across sexual orientations, and invariance across countries (U.K. and Malaysia). Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the FAS. To date, the FAS has been translated into 12 languages, with these strong psychometric properties upheld. Next, this chapter provides the FAS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the FAS to participants, the item response scale, the scoring procedure, and known translations. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 15-item Appearance-based Rejection Sensitivity Scale (Appearance-RS Scale; Park, 2007) measures the degree to which individuals anxiously expect rejection from others based on their physical appearance. The scale presents 15 ambiguous scenarios in which individuals indicate (a) how anxiously concerned they would be about their appearance in each situation, and (b) their expectations of being rejected in each situation based on their appearance. There is also a brief, 10-item version of the Appearance-RS Scale and a 10-item version of the scale for use with adolescents. The Appearance-RS Scale can be administered online and/or in-person to adults and adolescents and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the Appearance-RS Scale and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. The Appearance-RS Scale has been shown to have a one-factor structure and shows acceptable internal reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and unique predictive validity. The chapter then provides the Appearance-RS Scale items, instructions for administering the scale to participants, the item response scale, scoring procedure, and translations available. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are also provided.

The 20-item Appearance Schema Activation Word-Stem Completion Task provides an implicit measure of appearance processing. The Appearance Schema Activation Word-Stem Completion Task can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults of any gender. It is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the Appearance Schema Activation Word-Stem Completion Task within the media effects literature and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the Appearance Schema Activation Word-Stem Completion Task has been found to be reactive to external contingencies. Inter-rater reliability and convergent validity support its use. Next, this chapter provides the Appearance Schema Activation Word-Stem Completion Task in full, with items, instructions for administration, and scoring procedure. Adaptations and logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.