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Describes measurements of heat from Moon and Mars. Stefan–Boltzmann law gives basis to calculate planetary temperatures. Debate about conditions on Mars – Lowell and the canali, dependence of calculated temperatures on albedo and solar flux. First efforts to calculate temperature structure in the atmosphere; discovery of the stratosphere by balloon-borne measurements. Arrhenius makes first calculations of changing greenhouse effect as carbon dioxide levels change. Richardson's first efforts in numerical weather prediction.