Organizations can behave narcissistically and criminally. Fraternities support a culture that encourages members to cheat and engage in predatory sexual behavior. White supremacist groups engage in retaliatory acts against minorities, Jews, immigrants, and others. Law enforcement agencies, while not narcissistic by nature, attract individuals who hold minorities in contempt. The border crisis led to contracts with Southwest Key Programs, whose staff sexually abused immigrant children.

When people move to another culture, their emotions may not “fit” because these were socialized to align with values and goals central to their culture of origin. However, with increasing cultural engagement, immigrant minorities’ emotions may change and, eventually, come to fit the normative emotions in the new/other culture. This chapter reviews the emerging research on emotional acculturation and argues that emotional fit with culture may be an important (understudied) condition for the inclusion of immigrant minorities. Specifically, it presents evidence showing that (1) minorities’ emotions change over time given frequent intercultural contact and friendships; (2) these changes occur independently of acculturation attitudes; (3) emotional fit with the majority culture does not jeopardize fit with the heritage culture; and that (4) emotional acculturation may benefit minorities’ well-being and inclusion in the majority culture. In closing, the chapter outlines directions for future research to advance understanding of emotional acculturation.

In this reflective afterword, Shinobu Kitayama traces how our understanding of culture and emotion has shifted from viewing emotions as biologically hard-wired to understanding them as dynamically shaped by culture. It articulates four themes as emerging from the edited volume The Cultural Shaping of Emotion: emotion as situated cultural practice, the centrality of meaning-making, emotion development as cultural apprenticeship, and the dynamic interplay between biology and culture. In sketching pathways for the future, Kitayama calls for an integrative approach that studies emotions as rooted in cultural meanings and practices as well as in biological processes. He also calls to study emotions beyond East–West dichotomies such that we can move toward a globally informed and inclusive science of emotion.

Culture and emotion are two of the fundamental mechanisms for human adaptation to the natural and social environment. Culture provides informational resources that help a human population adapt to environmental regularities, whereas emotion provides informational resources that help adaptation to environmental perturbations. In this chapter, we speculate on micro-to-macro cultural dynamics under societal threats, namely, when a population experiences recurrent large-scale perturbations. We first piece together individual-level micro-cultural dynamics under societal threat – encoding, storage, and transmission of cultural information when a large proportion of a population is threatened with potential adverse effects by natural challenges, such as extreme weather events and pandemics, or by social challenges, such as wars and conflicts. We then speculate how these processes may give rise to macro-level cultural dynamics under recurrent societal threats by transforming cultural scripts to cope with societal challenges.

This chapter demonstrates the positive impact of the pedagogical intervention on students’ attitudes, expressed in their own words. It presents key highlights and recommendations, followed by an in-depth discussion. The sustained influence of the intervention on students’ engagement with lectures is revealed through their reflections, alongside insights into research supervisees’ experiences during their third-year projects.