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The Safavids’ rise to power was deeply intertwined with their Sufi spiritual practices, which provided a unique advantage over their political rivals. Early followers of the order viewed themselves as disciples (murids), accepting the absolute spiritual authority of their leader, the murshid-i kāmil (perfect spiritual guide). The master-disciple relationship, grounded in a power dynamic of domination and submission, created a deep sense of solidarity within the Safavid community.
First made available to scholars in the late 1950s, early interest in the Gospel of Truth has not been sustained. The purpose of this chapter is to identify methodological errors in the early scholarly reception of GTruth that may have contributed to its unjustified recent neglect, and to indicate ways in which those errors may be rectified.
Chapter 5 shows how the Secret Book of John employs and adapts Greek philosophical ideas from (Middle) Platonism, Stoicism, and Aristotelian thought. It discusses, among other things, the concepts of the One (or Monad), Plato’s Timaeus as philosophical background, Stoic notions of fate, and how evil is involuntary.
The author’s exposition of the gospel message takes the form of a homily addressed in part to an audience located elsewhere, suggesting a comparison with early Christian letters. The author is clearly influenced by the letters of Paul, while comparison with the letters of Ignatius and the fragments of Valentinus’s letters bring to light significant contrasts that help to locate the Gospel of Truth more accurately within the early Christian literary landscape.
The Safavid community forged its sense of cohesion through the years by binding the sources of religious and political forces within their reach. Their proselytizing brand of Sufism at the inception of the order channeled the principles of legitimate spiritual leadership to the person of Safi al-Din and epitomized in his life and teachings, a mission that later deputies, elders, and disciples took up and disseminated. The foundation of the Safavid claims to spiritual authority whence they hailed was laid at this stage and is reflected in the birth of the community’s sacred history, Quintessence of Purity (Safvat al-Safā). Having control over the community’s history further strengthened the perception that spiritual authority laid in the house of the Safavid family through descent from Sheikh Safi.