Discussions of the family and sexual orientation, the topics of Chapters 8 and 9, would not be complete without a consideration and review of contraception and birth control. Most married and unmarried sexually active women and men in the United States and in the countries of the developed world endeavor to limit their family size and/or to control the timing and spacing of their births.

Chapter 3 explores the relationship between whiteness and the awareness of pretense. For some Cubans, racial mixing could be an effective means to eliminate blackness and the possibility of its communal or political articulation; for others, it would doom the nation. Racial passing and the pretense of acting as if races could be neatly demarcated endowed racism with the flexibility it required to preserve structures of inequality. When writers of African descent began to publish on the question in the 1880s, they often addressed this logic of pretense. Rodolfo de Lagardere, for example, deployed racial doubt in his 1889 booklet Blancos y negros to demonstrate that whiteness entailed a collective effort to forget the African origins of Cuban society. While some people of known African descent participated in whitening processes, others mobilized racial doubt to call attention to the amnesia and denial inherent to whiteness as an institution and set of lived practices.

This chapter provides a brief historical introduction which emphasises the importance of the temporal to the description and evaluation of regeneration initiatives. Based on the assumption that an appreciation of contemporary urban issues requires an understanding of the historical context, this chapter highlights change and continuity in urban regeneration in east Manchester and the wider UK. An overview of the distinctive history of the various neighbourhoods of east Manchester is provided and an analysis of how current regeneration initiatives both draw on and differ from earlier initiatives under the Thatcher Governments such as City Challenge and the Single Regeneration Budget.

This chapter analyses the plethora of structures involved in the regeneration of east Manchester: Manchester City Council and its related Manchester Partnership; New East Manchester which also drew in the North-West Development Agency and English Partnerships; New Deal for Communities/Beacons, the Housing Market Renewal Programme and an array of private sector and voluntary organisations. This array of structure highlights the complexity of the governance of regeneration processes, the importance of partnerships and the theme of continuity as the structures changed over time.

This chapter describes the plethora of projects undertaken in the regeneration of east Manchester in the following thematic areas identified in the Strategic Regeneration Framework: housing and the physical environment; education; employment; crime and community safety; health and well-being; transport; sport and community facilities. This thematic analysis is complemented by an analysis of the different stages of the regeneration process. This highlights the importance of the temporal from the boost to regeneration provided by the Commonwealth Games to the negative impact of global recession and the election of the 2010 Coalition Government. A case-study of Ancoats is presented to illustrate some of the spatial and temporal specificities of regeneration.

This chapter analyses the relationship between the ideological climate of British politics in the 1990s, with specific emphasis on New Labour’s ideology, and the urban regeneration of east Manchester. Attention is also paid to the change in ideology heralded by the election of the Coalition Government in 2010. There is a particular focus on the ideology of ‘Manchester Labour’ and the way in which Manchester City Council mediates politically and ideologically centrally-imposed regeneration policies.

This chapter discusses the methodological difficulties in evaluating the effectiveness of regeneration initiatives before providing an evaluation of the east Manchester initiative which provides evidence to assist in the making of future urban policy. The overall evaluation, drawing on key performance indicators and other key evaluation mechanisms used by New East Manchester and NDC/Beacons, recognises some of the achievements of the initiative while considering the scale of the progress achieved against cost, disruption and deadweight factors.

This chapter uses the practice of the complex governance structures and plethora of partnerships which governed urban regeneration in east Manchester to analyse the utility of governance theories. It posits that the case study of east Manchester undermines theories of governance because it highlights the continuing centrality of the central and local state in governing urban regeneration processes.

This chapter evaluates the nature and extent of resident involvement in the regeneration of east Manchester taking into account the temporal and spatial realities of the area. Participation in formal structures such residents’ associations and neighbourhood planning processes is examined alongside less formal participation in parties in the park and community and social events and instances of protest, both sporadic and sustained, are also examined. The analysis recognises the attempt by the regeneration structures to involve residents while also acknowledging the constraints and barriers to participation.