In this final chapter, the relevant findings of the research are reviewed and applied to a broader context of humanitarianism worldwide. An analysis of research questions will be undertaken based on the assumptions first presented in Chapter 1. Within each area, the research findings will be placed in a wider context and their implications will be discussed. By unpacking these, the underlying policy issue will be addressed and discussed further with application to wider cases. The aim here is to get past simplistic analysis and explanations such as the idea that aid organizations and the military have intrinsically incompatible goals and organizational cultures. Instead a more nuanced and well-informed understanding of the implications is provided. In the process, a framework for understanding the contexts within which humanitarian-military relations occur is presented.

John Toms inhabited a different world from the people who produced the ecclesiological discourse on stained glass. Toms was a multi-skilled artisan who carried out a wide variety of tasks. Toms's market was largely concentrated on Wellington and its surrounding parishes. The iconography of Toms's glazing schemes seems to have depended largely on the religious alignment of his patrons. The majority of Toms's commissions can be traced back to the Sanfords through personal links. The materials Toms had at his disposal, or, more accurately, chose to use, did not alter radically from 1848 to the end of his glass-painting career in the early 1860s. William Warrington stands out as an example of how the materials so criticised by Charles Winston in the late 1840s could be used to create very attractive windows, though this required a refined painting technique.

Television broadcasting in Britain has traditionally been the 'primary site where the nation is imagined and imagines itself'. This chapter examines a group of programmes broadcast since 2011 that engage with the domestic realities of London in the 1950s and presents a corrective to established notions of the nation at that time. Since the broadcast of its second episode, Call the Midwife has been the nation's top-rated show, regularly garnering an astonishing 30 per cent share of the total viewing audience. Where Call the Midwife has frequently been dismissed as cosy, Sunday evening heritage programming, The Hour was greeted as a 'quality' television with episode-by-episode review blogs appearing on the Guardian site and elsewhere. Arguably, The Hour represents the most confrontational engagement seen in British television drama with the institutional racism of 1950s Britain, the limited role of television to correct the era's dominant myths and the era's neo-fascism roots.

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the recent situation in Afghanistan with a focus on international actors. It will be shown that apart from the humanitarian-military relationship, close and overlapping interests continue with the linkage between security and development, policy coherence and a belligerence that does not recognize the separation between humanitarian and military spheres. These interlinked issues contributed to the humanitarian-military relationship to be a highly contentious issue in Afghanistan. This chapter discusses the recent context from late 2001 to the end of 2014 by focusing on the proximal causes and manifestations of tension within the humanitarian-military relationship.

This chapter examines how the enthusiasm for stained glass spread from clerical circles into a more secular territory. The fact that the market for stained glass grew enormously in the 1840s and 1850s is not in dispute, but the ways in which it spread needs clarification. To see a display of the work of over thirty different stained glass studios in a secular context was unprecedented, and has important implications for the relationship between stained glass and Victorian culture. Exhibitions were held quite regularly before the Victorian period but they were normally small-scale shows designed to promote the work of one glass-painter. The consistent Gothic style in the Medieval Court must have provided just the context that many of the other English glass-painters needed, though the glass was not as well lit as that in the stained glass gallery.

This chapter explores how windows were used in two specific ecclesiastical interiors and what aspirations patrons and architects had for the stained glass in these churches: St Michael's Church at Sowton and St Mary's Church at Ottery St Mary. St Michael's Church at Sowton, near Exeter in Devon, is a rare survival: a remarkably complete ecclesiological interior. The restoration of St Mary's Church at Ottery St Mary presented a series of difficulties to its coordinator, John Duke Coleridge. The link between paternalism, Gothic and church patronage is physically built into the layout of the church and signalled by the interior fittings. The evangelist symbols represent an oblique allusion to John Garratt's evangelical activities through his reconstruction of the church. Coleridge was asserting an opinion about the nature of Anglican churches, and to him a church was for worshipping God through the performance of the sacraments.

This chapter discusses how stylistically, Shoot the Messenger's (STM) non-realist techniques, non-linear form and overt constructedness depart from the traditional modes of social realism that have prevailed in the Black British television drama. It begins with a broader contextualisation of the drama genre in its treatment of 'race' and reference as an earlier BBC single play Fable written by the White playwright, John Hopkins. The chapter proposes that the major responses to STM have neglected its more complicated nuances and the ways in which these can help us understand the processes of racialisation in post-colonial settings. It suggests that the STM's devices of unstable narration, irony and stylistic abstraction add to the difficulty of reading the text as a 'reflection' of reality. The chapter also suggests that STM can in fact be interpreted as a radical critique of social inequality and the destructive effects of living with ethnicised social categories.

This chapter discusses the main features of the Mediterranean welfare-state syndrome. It deals with the new international landscape, which indicated an emerging differentiation in the policy outlook across the four southern European countries: Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal. The chapter also discusses whether the economic crisis accelerated or, on the contrary, slowed down this differentiation. The southern European economies have been hit by the financial crisis mainly through public indebtedness, although their levels of public debt differed at the onset of the crisis, as did their interplay with other factors. The chapter looks at the Italian case as being particularly exemplary of unresolved choices in the policy paradigm. The Italian case is exemplary for how neoliberalism and familialism may go hand in hand rather than being at odds, forming a cultural complex that may constrain a policy recalibration towards greater universalism.

More often viewed as a developmental or a humanitarian challenge rather than a security challenge, addressing the vast array of African public health problems has increasingly come to be seen as a critical human security priority. While many have criticized the securitization of health issues, the cross-cutting linkages to other political, social, and economic issues are real and so too are their implications for security. In addition, most health challenges in Africa were previously seen as localized problems threatening only the well-being of specific populations, but in today’s globalized world they can have profound negative implications far beyond the original source of the problem. While some international public health threats, such as disease pandemics, are nothing new the ability of new disease epidemics to transcend international borders and continents at a speed and breadth is heretofore unknown in human history.

This chapter draws on data from across the range of research methods to ascertain how young people use and experience city-centre space and the impact that this space has on their varying emerging identities. It outlines the relational aspect of identities. Identities are performed in interaction with others, but these interactions occur within specific places, again underlining the important overall relationship between place and identity. As teenagers move across different spaces they interact with a broader range of people, adding further complexities to their spatial experiences. The chapter reveals a number of additional boundaries and practices of exclusion and inclusion based on generation and teen subcultures. At the same time, when young people from interface areas visit city-centre spaces, ethnonational identities often simmer beneath the surface.

This chapter considers how new urban sociology (NUS) was a child of times that were even then in transformation, and how Enzo Mingione's work was notable for posing some lastingly relevant research issues and questions. The reasons why NUS emerged in the late 1960s relate to the revival and growth of Western 'advanced industrial' economies and societies in the 1950s and 1960s and the centrality of urbanisation and hence urban problems to these developments. The chapter looks at International Journal of Urban and Regional Research (IJURR) and Research Committee 21 (RC21) today; both continue to evolve in an academic universe and real world which were unimaginable when these institutions began. Many of those who were radicalised in the student movement became involved in community-based politics and urban struggles. Such activism was common to many of those who developed NUS.