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What is a society? Building an interdisciplinary perspective and why that's important

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 February 2024

Mark W. Moffett Open the ORCID record for Mark W. Moffett [Opens in a new window]
Mark W. Moffett*
Affiliation:
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA MoffettMW@si.edu https://naturalhistory.si.edu/staff/mark-moffett
*
Corresponding author: Mark W. Moffett; Email: MoffettMW@si.edu
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Abstract

I propose the need to establish a comparative study of societies, conceived of specificially here as bounded groups beyond a simple, immediate family that have the potential to endure for generations, whose constituent individuals recognize one another as members, and that maintain control over a physical space. This definition, with refinements and ramifications I explore, serves for cross-disciplinary research because it applies not just to nations but to diverse hunter–gatherer and tribal groups with a pedigree that likely traces back to the societies of our common ancestor with the chimpanzees. It also applies to groups among other species for which comparison to humans can be instructive. Notably, it describes societies in terms of shared group identification rather than social interactions. An expansive treatment of the topic is overdue given that the concept of a society (even the use of such synonyms as primate “troop”) has fallen out of favor among biologists, resulting in a semantic mess; whereas sociologists rarely consider societies beyond nations, and social psychologists predominantly focus on ethnicities and other component groups of societies. I examine the relevance of societies across realms of inquiry, discussing the ways member recognition is achieved; how societies compare to other organizational tiers; and their permeability, territoriality (allowing for mobile territories), relation to social networks and kinship, and impermanence. We have diverged from our ancestors in generating numerous affiliations within and between societies while straining the expectation of society memberships by assimilating diverse populations. Nevertheless, if, as I propose, societies were the first, and thereafter the primary, ingroups of prehistory, how we came to register society boundaries may be foundational to all human “groupiness.” A discipline-spanning approach to societies should further our understanding of what keeps societies together and what tears them apart.

Keywords

assimilationautonomycooperationgroup recognitionimagined communitiesminimal groupsnationsnetworkssocial groups/identitiesterritoriality

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Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 48 , 2025 , e51
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

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