Students of political integration from all schools of thought have recognized that the creation of a new larger political community out of smaller existing units depends upon the development of values of legitimacy towards the new political centre. This process is often referred to as the development of a “sense of community” or as a “shifting of loyalties,” and it has been theoretically posited as a fundamental condition for the long-term success of political integration both by the cybimetic and the neo-functional schools of integration.

When changes in values towards supranational integration in Europe take place they will be observable in the socialization process as younger generations of European students acquire the new values. This article examines changes in the values socialized in the French Lycée through a diachronic quantitative content analysis of history textbooks used in 1950 and 1966. Three central hypotheses are derived from the two major approaches to integration and are examined in light of the data with particular attention being paid to changes in values of nationalism, conflict vs co-operation, and high political vs economic and social matters.

The results of the analysis show contradictory trends, some of which are explained by controlling for international regions and some of which must remain unexplained until a larger cross-national study is undertaken.

The fundamental element in the Marxist theory of ideologies is that men's ideas and perceptions are determined by the way in which they earn their living and by the social conditions which ensue. But this view by itself does not adequately explain the ideological framework of a social organization and its process of development since other factors intervene. The dialectic governing the formulation of ideologies is not only vertical but horizontal as well, and in two respects. First, one must avoid being trapped by a logical assumption about the connection between the method of production and the creation of a social structure. We must recognize the co-existence of modes of production; that is to say that in a given social structure there can be several methods of production. Thus, while a capitalist mode of production may prevail, it can still accommodate perfectly well for a certain length of time the continuation of some elements of the feudal or slave system of production, even though the logical end of capitalism is to spread and eliminate them. Hence, depending on the relationship between methods of production, one can discover in the overall structure of the prevailing mode of production some traces of the method of production which previously was dominant, especially during a transitional period.

The purpose of this research is to confirm that there are different conceptions of equality in the United States, English Canada, and French Canada.

Beginning with the Aristotelian distinction between numerical equality and proportional equality, the article establishes first a typology for the concept of equality. A review of the literature on the subject reveals that Americans and English Canadians can be said to be partial to proportional equality while French Canadians favour numerical equality.

It is then demonstrated that Von Neumann's and Morgenstern's theory of games can be interpreted as an egalitarian theory since the non-discriminatory solution proposed by Von Neumann and Morgenstern corresponds exactly to a proportional division of the stakes according to the strategic importance given to each of the players by the characteristic function of the game.

A series of tests conducted in Quebec and the US and utilizing a three-party game invented by Riker reveals that French Canadians take a numerical-egalitarian stance while Americans and English Canadians play according to a proportional-egalitarian model.

Finally, the results are analysed to try to find the possible reasons for the difference.