Objectives/Goals: The objective of this project was to develop electronic health record-based algorithms, or computational phenotypes, for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL) infections based on public health surveillance case definitions. Methods/Study Population: We analyzed electronic health records (EHR) from a retrospective cohort of patients within the University of Colorado Health System. We detected CRE and ESBL infections using a set of string-matching algorithms for bacterial organism, specimen source, and antibiotic susceptibility test results. Infections were limited to the first case of each organism per patient in a 30-day period. We conducted manual chart review on a subset of cases and non-cases for validation purposes. We then performed a descriptive analysis to examine demographic characteristics of patients with CRE and ESBL infections including sex, age, infection type, and organism. All analyses were conducted using R statistical software. Results/Anticipated Results: There were 634 CRE infections from 2013 to 2023, with the majority from urine (n = 448, 70.7%) or blood specimens (n = 56, 8.8%). Over half of CRE case-patients were female (n =  362, 57.1%). The mean age was 65.0 years. Most isolates were identified as Enterobacter cloacae complex species (n = 353, 55.6%). There was a total of 4,363 ESBL infections from 2019 to 2023, and most were urine (n = 3,550, 81.4%) or blood specimens (n = 457, 10.5%). Most ESBL case-patients were female (n = 3,030, 69.4%) with a mean age of 61.2 years. The majority of isolates were identified as Escherichia coli (n = 2,932, 67.2%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 368, 8.4%). Validation results are pending, including sensitivity and specificity of the algorithms. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Demographic characteristics of CRE and ESBL case-patients were similar to findings from traditional public health surveillance. The algorithms will supplement traditional surveillance methods, inform future epidemiological research using EHR data, as well as contribute to the development of standardized EHR-based definitions for CRE and ESBL.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Scavenger receptor (SR) surface proteins are highly conserved motifs and are implicated in the uptake of nanotherapies. Gold nanoparticles functionalized with DNAzymes (DzNP) represent a promising novel nanotherapy for lung diseases such as asthma, particularly because they can be delivered directly to the lung. Our lab has been studying the therapeutic potential of a DzNP targeting GATA-3, a master transcription factor regulating Th2 inflammation. Although nanoparticle uptake through scavenger receptors has been described in macrophages in other models, the role of SRs in DzNP uptake in the lung is poorly understood. We hypothesize that scavenger receptors mediate DzNP uptake in alveolar macrophages. To begin examining this hypothesis, we examined whether DzNP exposure and uptake regulates gene expression of MARCO and MSR1, two class A scavenger receptors. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using a silver stain, we measured dose dependent DzNP uptake in murine alveolar macrophages (MH-S). Using qRT-PCR, we measured gene expression of scavenger receptors MSR1 and MARCO in murine alveolar macrophages (MH-S) and after 24 hour exposure to 2251 DzNP, a DzNP targeting GATA-3, and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), a known SR-A blocker. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 2251 DzNP uptake in alveolar macrophages is dose dependent. MARCO gene expression levels significantly increase in murine alveolar macrophages when cultured with increasing concentrations of 2251 DzNP (10 pM-2 nM) or DSS 25-200 ug/ml) for 24 hours. However, MSR1 gene expression levels have minimal change when exposed to low concentrations of 2251 DzNP and DSS. At higher concentrations of 2251 DzNP and DSS, MSR1 expression levels are decreased. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Alveolar macrophages exhibit a dose dependent increase in MARCO gene expression levels with increasing concentrations of 2251 DzNP and DSS, but MSR1 gene expression is not affected in a similar fashion. 2251 DzNP-induced increases in MARCO gene expression suggests that 2251 DzNP may facilitate its own uptake through MARCO. 2251 DzNP exposure negatively regulates MSR1 expression at higher doses and suggests that 2251 DzNP may inhibit its own uptake thought MSR1.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This study examines gray matter volume differences resulting from the bilingual experience in children and adults allowing us to better understand the brains of over half of the world’s population that speaks more than one language. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Literature is mixed regarding a bilingual advantage in executive control (EC). While it has been shown that young adult bilinguals have greater gray matter volume (GMV) than monolinguals in EC regions, there is behavioral evidence that suggests such difference would be more pronounced in children. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using SPM12 to test this hypothesis, we used a whole-brain t-test to compare GMV in 35 English-speaking monolingual and 20 Spanish-English early (learned both languages before 6 years old) bilingual children. Next, we submitted both groups of children to an ANOVA with 42 English speaking monolingual and 26 Spanish-English bilingual adults to test for an interaction of Language Experience by Age Group at the level of the whole brain. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: e between-group comparison of bilingual and monolingual children, revealed more GMV in bilingual compared to monolingual children in regions associated with EC (right middle and inferior frontal gyri, superior parietal lobule, and precuneus). Our second analysis, an ANOVA comparing bilingual and monolingual children and adults, revealed an interaction in which bilingual>monolingual GMV in children was greater than any bilingual>monolingual GMV (or bilingual=monolingual GMV) in the adult groups in the right superior parietal lobule (BA1). No regions indicated that bilingual>monolingual GMV was more pronounced in adults. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: These results provide further evidence for GMV differences in early bilinguals in regions associated with EC and indicate that more GMV differences exist between bilingual and monolingual children than adults.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To create a searchable public registry of all Quality Improvement (QI) projects. To incentivize the medical professionals at UF Health to initiate quality improvement projects by reducing startup burden and providing a path to publishing results. To reduce the review effort performed by the internal review board on projects that are quality improvement Versus research. To foster publication of completed quality improvement projects. To assist the UF Health Sebastian Ferrero Office of Clinical Quality & Patient Safety in managing quality improvement across the hospital system. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This project used a variant of the spiral software development model and principles from the ADDIE instructional design process for the creation of a registry that is web based. To understand the current registration process and management of quality projects in the UF Health system a needs assessment was performed with the UF Health Sebastian Ferrero Office of Clinical Quality & Patient Safety to gather project requirements. Biweekly meetings were held between the Quality Improvement office and the Clinical and Translational Science – Informatics and Technology teams during the entire project. Our primary goal was to collect just enough information to answer the basic questions of who is doing which QI project, what department are they from, what are the most basic details about the type of project and who is involved. We also wanted to create incentive in the user group to try to find an existing project to join or to commit the details of their proposed new project to a data registry for others to find to reduce the amount of duplicate QI projects. We created a series of design templates for further customization and feature discovery. We then proceed with the development of the registry using a Python web development framework called Django, which is a technology that powers Pinterest and the Washington Post Web sites. The application is broken down into 2 main components (i) data input, where information is collected from clinical staff, Nurses, Pharmacists, Residents, and Doctors on what quality improvement projects they intend to complete and (ii) project registry, where completed or “registered” projects can be viewed and searched publicly. The registry consists of a quality investigator profile that lists contact information, expertise, and areas of interest. A dashboard allows for the creation and review of quality improvement projects. A search function enables certain quality project details to be publicly accessible to encourage collaboration. We developed the Registry Matching Algorithm which is based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient that uses quality project features to find similar quality projects. The algorithm allows for quality investigators to find existing or previous quality improvement projects to encourage collaboration and to reduce repeat projects. We also developed the QIPR Approver Algorithm that guides the investigator through a series of questions that allows an appropriate quality project to get approved to start without the need for human intervention. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A product of this project is an open source software package that is freely available on GitHub for distribution to other health systems under the Apache 2.0 open source license. Adoption of the Quality Improvement Project Registry and promotion of it to the intended audience are important factors for the success of this registry. Thanks goes to the UW-Madison and their QI/Program Evaluation Self-Certification Tool (https://uwmadison.co1.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_3lVeNuKe8FhKc73) used as example and inspiration for this project. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This registry was created to help understand the impact of improved management of quality projects in a hospital system. The ultimate result will be to reduce time to approve quality improvement projects, increase collaboration across the UF Health Hospital system, reduce redundancy of quality improvement projects and translate more projects into publications.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Serious video games are designed for skill-building and are increasingly being used for healthcare interventions with adolescents and young adults (AYAs). The study goal was to identify AYAs’ preferred game features, by demographic groups, to inform the development of a game to improve AYA’s engagement in their congenital heart disease (CHD) care. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Pediatric patients, 12-18 years old, completed surveys at a routine CHD care visit. Participants rated their likelihood of using games to learn CHD management skills (5-point Likert) and preferences for ten game features commonly used, such as: personalization (make your own avatar) and levels (unlock new, advanced stages as you do better). Participants selected one of three response options: 1=would make me less interested in the game, 2=doesn’t matter, 3=would make me more interested in the game. Descriptives and frequencies assessed interest in different game features. Chi-square tests were used to identify potential differences in game feature preferences by gender identity, age group (early/mid-adolescence vs. late adolescence), and race and ethnicity. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of 83 participants who completed surveys, the mean age was 15 years old (12-18; SD=1.73), 55% were male, 79% were Non-Hispanic White, and 70% were interested in video games for gaining CHD management skills. The top-rated game features were: levels (78%; unlock advanced stages), conflict (74%; face challenges), personalization (70%; create avatar), and story (70%; journey-based). The three lowest-ranked features were: time (29%; restricted time to complete challenge), competition (47%; score/play against others), strategy (53%; plan to reach goal). No significant differences in game feature preferences were found by demographic characteristics. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Most AYAs with CHD were interested in games, offering a promising avenue for future healthcare interventions. Given no significantly different preferences by demographics, the game may not require tailoring game features for certain groups. However, additional research with diverse participants is needed to fully inform game development.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-shortening genetic disease that affects approximately 30,000 patients in the United States. CF patients suffer from chronic pulmonary infections that are associated with hyperinflammation and irreversible damage to the lower airways. As CF patients age, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.a.) is the predominant pathogen that infects the respiratory tract. The P.a. strains initially infecting the CF lung have a nonmucoid colony morphology, whereas, once chronic infection is established, these bacteria mutate leading to the emergence of mucoid P.a. variants with heightened resistance to both antibiotics and host immunity. Both nonmucoid and mucoid P.a. variants are often co-isolated on microbiological cultures of sputum collected from CF patients. However, the CF lung is known to exhibit heterogeneity in inflammation and infecting microbes across different lung regions that cannot be studied using routine sputum collection alone. Here, using a standardized bronchoscopic protocol, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was prospectively collected from each lobe of a CF cohort undergoing clinically indicated surgical procedures. We sought to investigate if there is an association between infecting P.a. variants (nonmucoid, mucoid, or mixed populations), the lung lobes in which these variants are found, and regional proinflammatory cytokine production. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We performed BAL on 16 CF patients with clinically stable disease. For each patient, we obtained BAL fluid from the right upper lobe, right middle lobe, right lower lobe, left upper lobe, lingula, and left lower lobe. We plated BAL fluid on nonselective and P.a.-selective medium to quantitate bacteria and to identify P.a. colony subtypes (nonmucoid, mucoid, or mixed). We further used a V-PLEX human cytokine array to quantitate inflammatory cytokine concentrations (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) within BAL fluid specimens. Our specimen collection was approved by the local IRB with informed consent and assent obtained from patient volunteers. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Based on microbiological analysis, each lobar BAL specimen was classified as uninfected with P. a. or infected with nonmucoid, mucoid, or mixed (both nonmucoid and mucoid) P.a. variants. There was no observed propensity of mucoid or nonmucoid variants to be confined to certain lung lobes in our cohort. However, infection with mucoid P.a. variants was associated with higher concentrations of IL-1β (p<0.001), TNF-α (p<0.001), IL-8 (p<0.001), and IL-10 (p<0.001) within lobar BAL fluid compared with P.a.-free specimens. Specimens with mucoid variants also had greater concentrations of TNF-α (p<0.01), IL-8 (p<0.001), and IL-10 (p<0.05) compared with specimens with only nonmucoid P.a. variants. Patients infected with mixed mucoid and nonmucoid variants showed higher concentrations of TNF-α and IL-10 (p<0.05) as well as nonsignificant trends for higher concentrations of IL-1β and IL-6 compared to P.a.-free samples. Interestingly, the presence of nonmucoid P.a. variants was inversely correlated with IL-6 (p<0.05). Total bacterial burden (both P.a. and non-P.a. species) within BAL fluids was positively correlated with higher proinflammatory cytokine concentrations. Additionally, independent of bacterial colonization, the upper lobes (right upper lobe and left upper lobe) of the lungs showed trends towards higher proinflammatory cytokine concentrations compared with the lower lobes (right lower lobe and left lower lobe). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our results demonstrate that P.a. variants (mucoid or nonmucoid) appear not to be geographically restricted in ability to colonize any lobe of the CF lung. Moreover, infection with mucoid P.a. (either alone or in mixed populations with nonmucoid variants) is associated with higher inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the CF lung. Given that infection with mucoid P.a. predicts deterioration in pulmonary function, this study provides a rationale for further investigation of cytokines as diagnostic/prognostic correlates of infection and lung disease in CF.

The Implementation Science Centers in Cancer Control (ISC3) initiative, funded by the National Cancer Institute, called for the development of implementation laboratories to bolster implementation science, create research-ready environments, and expedite adoption and implementation of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) into practice. The Building Research in Implementation and Dissemination to close Gaps and achieve Equity in Cancer Control (BRIDGE-C2) Center is one of seven ISC3 centers. BRIDGE-C2 aims to identify strategies to improve implementation of cancer prevention EBIs and conduct research / develop pragmatic methods to tailor, enhance, and support the adoption and sustainability of these strategies; advance implementation science; and build capacity and training opportunities. Since its inception, the BRIDGE-C2 Center has been conducting research and training activities to advance knowledge on how to effectively implement strategies to improve cancer prevention EBIs in primary care clinics serving socioeconomically disadvantaged patients. The translational science benefits model (TSBM) provides a useful framework for organizing a description of the BRIDGE-C2 Center’s activities. In this paper, we describe examples of BRIDGE-C2 activities and the specific impact indicators within each relevant domain/subdomain of the TSBM, demonstrating that a single activity or project has multiple impacts on methods and capacity building, clinical domains, and community health.

The pervasive problem of irreproducibility of preclinical research represents a substantial threat to the translation of CTSA-generated health interventions. Key stakeholders in the research process have proposed solutions to this challenge to encourage research practices that improve reproducibility. However, these proposals have had minimal impact, because they either 1. take place too late in the research process, 2. focus exclusively on the products of research instead of the processes of research, and/or 3. fail to take into account the driving incentives in the research enterprise. Because so much clinical and translational science is team-based, CTSA hubs have a unique opportunity to leverage Science of Team Science research to implement and support innovative, evidence-based, team-focused, reproducibility-enhancing activities at a project’s start, and across its evolution. Here, we describe the impact of irreproducibility on clinical and translational science, review its origins, and then describe stakeholders’ efforts to impact reproducibility, and why those efforts may not have the desired effect. Based on team-science best practices and principles of scientific integrity, we then propose ways for Translational Teams to build reproducible behaviors. We end with suggestions for how CTSAs can leverage team-based best practices and identify observable behaviors that indicate a culture of reproducible research.

Research articles in the clinical and translational science literature commonly use quantitative data to inform evaluation of interventions, learn about the etiology of disease, or develop methods for diagnostic testing or risk prediction of future events. The peer review process must evaluate the methodology used therein, including use of quantitative statistical methods. In this manuscript, we provide guidance for peer reviewers tasked with assessing quantitative methodology, intended to complement guidelines and recommendations that exist for manuscript authors. We describe components of clinical and translational science research manuscripts that require assessment including study design and hypothesis evaluation, sampling and data acquisition, interventions (for studies that include an intervention), measurement of data, statistical analysis methods, presentation of the study results, and interpretation of the study results. For each component, we describe what reviewers should look for and assess; how reviewers should provide helpful comments for fixable errors or omissions; and how reviewers should communicate uncorrectable and irreparable errors. We then discuss the critical concepts of transparency and acceptance/revision guidelines when communicating with responsible journal editors.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a condition that affects over a million Americans, and despite current medical therapies, the progression of the disease results in impaired generation of internally timed or guided (IG) movements. To address this loss of motor function, previous rehabilitation therapies have focused on remediating the affected striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits (STC), primarily thought to be responsible in generating timed motor patterns. However, given the disease leads to the cell death of dopaminergic cells that are essential for proper STC function, we propose a motor therapy aimed at utilizing a compensatory parallel cerebellar-thalamic-cortical (CTC) pathway, recruited to perform externally guided (EG) movements, in which gait initiation is driven from sensory input. Our previous study has shown efficacy in our novel argentine tango therapy and improves behavioral measures above the relevant MCID threshold, but it has not been established that the CTC are in the causal pathway that are responsible for these changes. Using neural measures from task fMRI, we have begun to characterize networks that have changed and quantify any associations with behavioral metrics. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Patients were randomly assigned to an IG (n=18), EG (n=18), or education contact control (n=14). Participants were assessed preintervention and postintervention for behavioral motor and cognitive measures and neurophysiologically with task based fMRI. In the task, participants performed a foot tapping task under both IG (tap their foot in previously learned rhythm) or EG (tap immediately after receiving a tactile cue on their hand) conditions. The fMRI data were preprocessed using AFNI and registered to MNI standard space. The brainnetome atlas was applied and the average time series of each region of interest (ROI) was used to increase the signal to noise ratio. The activation of these ROI with respect to the stimulus was modeled using GLM, and we estimated the area under the curve during the task blocks. A 1-way ANOVA analysis on these betas were performed between the pre and the post intervention time points and the ROIs that were above a significance of 0.95 were identified and corrected for multiple comparisons. The change in beta in all ROIs for each individual were calculated and then correlated with the changes in the behavioral data, to see which changes in ROI areas matched the best with the behavioral changes. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The EG group showed significant changes only in the EG task in 2 areas—inferior frontal gyrus and inferior temporal sulcus. Correlating to the cognitive behavioral measures show reduced error from the Inferior frontal gyrus (corr>0.5) best reflect changes in observed. There were no changes to either the STC or the CTC pathways. The IG group showed no changes behaviorally and showed no changes neurally as well. The control group showed no changes behaviorally, but neuronally certain DMN nodes, such as the precuneus and inferior temporal regions showed a significant change for both tasks. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Addressing the damaged STC pathway directly through IG therapy may not be effective. The EG therapy may not be able to enhance the STC pathway. However, the therapy appears to utilize new areas in the frontal regions and correlates with positively with changes in spatial memory and balance tasks. Contrary to our hypothesis the CTC circuit was not upregulated for performance of the IG or EG task, but therapy may have enhanced recruitment of other cognitively engaged areas. The educational control group interestingly showed changes in the DMN network, which has been shown to be linked to attention during tasks blocks.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: We devised a new method to produce highly potent SARS-CoV2-specific that can be used to treat severely ill patients with Covid-19. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are thought to offer the most immediate and effective treatment for those severely afflicted by Covid-19. We devised an approach for rapid and efficient generation of human monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike protein-specific memory B cells were isolated from 12 subjects recovering from infection with that virus. Paired end single index sequencing was performed using up to 10,000 antigen-specific B cells per subject. Antigen-specific B cell clones were identified by unique diversity and joining gene V(D)J rearrangements and the CDR3 regions. VH and VL regions were cloned and the products expressed in 293T/17 cells to generate spike-specific human monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Forty-three human monoclonal antibodies were produced. Every monoclonal antibody so generated neutralized viruses pseudotyped with Spike protein of the Wuhan-1 strain. Eighteen monoclonal antibodies neutralized pseudotyped viruses with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50s) between 1 pg/mL and 1 ng/mL (6.7 x 10E-15 M to 6.7 x 10E-12 M), exceeding by 10-100-fold the potency of previously reported anti-SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Eight monoclonal antibodies neutralized viruses pseudotyped with mutant spike proteins previously identified in clinical isolates, including receptor binding domain mutants and the C-terminal D614G mutant with IC50<6.7 x10E-12M. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: We show that SARS-CoV-2 evokes high affinity B cell responses. Some B cells produce antibodies that are broadly neutralizing; others produce strain-specific antibodies. However, antigenic variants that would potentially escape control by immunity or vaccination were nonetheless identified.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Development of our animal model of moyamoya will provide a meaningful assessment of therapeutic efficacy of interventions applicable to the clinical setting. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Moyamoya is a cerebrovascular condition with progressive stenosis of the internal carotid arteries (ICA) and formation of abnormal vascular collaterals at the base of the brain, all of which result in ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. We aim to develop a needed animal model of this condition in order to develop new therapeutics. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Male and female C57Bl/6J mice (4 months old) underwent surgery for the unilateral placement of a microcoil (0.16 mm ID) onto the proximal ICA or sham control. After 30 and 60 days (N = 6-8/time point), the brain blood vessels were examined for changes in diameter, number of anastomoses, and development of new collaterals using DiI stain. Brain tissue was examined for micro-hemorrhages using Prussian blue stain, and cross-sections of blood vessels were examined for intimal thickening using H&E and smooth muscle actin. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is associated with angiogenesis and moyamoya syndrome, was quantified by qPCR. Blood samples were also analyzed for inflammatory biomarkers using ELISA. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Within 30 days, the distal ICA and anterior cerebral artery (ACA) had significantly decreased diameters at the Circle of Willis, with an initial decrease in the number of cortical anastomoses. Histology demonstrated smaller lumen diameter and alterations to in the various layers of the blood vessels, indicating intimal thickening and stenosis of the affected blood vessels. There was also a significant increase in the number of intracranial micro-bleeds, suggesting a compromised vascular integrity. This may be due, in part, to a significant upregulation in VEGF gene expression within the striatum, a region of hemorrhagic occurrence in moyamoya patients. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: We report the development of an animal model with vasculopathies that mimic those observed in patients with moyamoya syndrome. With further characterization, this animal model will have a positive impact as a meaningful assessment of therapeutic efficacy of interventions applicable to the clinical setting.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We evaluated the long-term success of tissue engineered intervertebral discs (TE-IVDs) cultured in flexible (FPLA) or stiff (PLA) support materials, hypothesizing that FPLA would maintain disc height and tissue hydration in the minipig spine. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: TE-IVD: NP cells were encapsulated in alginate and NP plugs were placed in the center of FPLA cages. AF cells were encapsulated in type I collagen and pipetted around NP plugs. Implantation: Empty FPLA cages (n=4), and TE-IVDs cultured in FPLA (n=4) were implanted at C3-4 or C5-6 following complete discectomy (DX) in skeletally mature minipigs (n=4). Imaging and Quantification: Terminal disc height indices (DHI) were calculated from weekly x-rays using a previously described method, and results were compared to the PLA pilot study. T2 MRI scans were taken of levels treated with TE-IVDs to quantify disc hydration as previously described. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: FPLA cages restored DHIs to native levels until endpoint. In contrast, PLA cages fractured, and terminal DHIs were statistically similar to DX levels. Of the four levels treated with TE-IVDs, 2 were displaced from the disc space. Stabilized levels yielded DHIs which were statistically similar to native IVD and greater than displaced and DX levels. Displaced levels yielded DHIs which were significantly lower than native and stabilized levels, but greater than DX levels (P<0.05). T2 MRIs of stabilized TEIVDs revealed that levels treated with a construct maintained tissue hydration which was significantly greater than levels treated with an empty cage or DX levels (P<0.0001), but which was about half the hydration of native disc tissue. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Implanting TE-IVDs with FPLA support cages leads to disc height maintenance and the stabilization of hydrated tissues in the spine, enhancing the long term success of TE-IVD implants and providing a basis for clinical translation.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of this project is the application of complex fusion models, which combine observed and modeled data, to areas with sparse monitoring networks with multiple chemical components is under-developed. Such models could provide improved accuracy and coverage for air quality measurement predictions, an area greatly limited by the amount of missing data. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This project focuses on the development of methods for improved estimation of pollutant concentrations when only sparse monitor networks are found. Sparse monitoring networks are defined as areas where fewer than three criteria air pollutants (based on EPA standards) are monitored. Particularly, a multivariate air pollutant statistical model to predict spatio-temporally resolved concentration fields for multiple pollutants simultaneously is developed and evaluated. The multivariate predictions allow monitored pollutants to inform the prediction of nonmonitored pollutants in sparse networks. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Daily, ZIP code level pollutant concentration estimates will be provided for 8 pollutants across South Carolina, and goodness of fit metrics for model variants and previously established methods will be compared. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These methods utilize only widely available data resources, meaning that the improved predictive accuracy of sparsely monitored pollutant concentrations can benefit future studies in any US area by improving estimation of health effects and saving resources needed for supplemental air pollutant monitoring campaigns. Our method for estimation attempts to improve predictive accuracy and data availability for sparsely monitored pollutants and areas.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Aim 1: To explore methodologies to identify gender minorities, and Filipinos, separately, in an electronic health record system. Aim 2: To characterize the similarities and differences in demographic, socioeconomic, and mental health of Filipinos gender minorities compared to Native Hawaiian Pacific Islanders, and White/ European Americans. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study was approved by the University of Hawaii Institutional Review Board. Cross-sectional retrospective data were obtained from a collaborative community clinic’s electronic health record system. Patients were age 18 and older with a clinical diagnosis for gender dysphoria and from Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander, White/ European American, and Filipino backgrounds. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary data revealed that 11% of the clinical population were diagnosed with gender dysphoria (N=373) with 57.6% (n=215) who met the inclusion criteria with complete health registration forms. Patients were from Filipino (21.8%), Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander (23.3%), White/ European American (31.6%), and multiethnic (23.3%) backgrounds. Most patients reported mental health (e.g., depression) conditions (50.6%-64.7%). Further statistical analyses will reveal if Filipinos have higher or lower levels of anxiety, depression, and suicide risks than Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander, and White/ European American gender minority individuals. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: In Hawaii, one person dies by suicide every two days; suicide is the lead cause of fatal injuries. Study findings can inform future methodology studies to identify gender minorities and develop culturally relevant gender affirming mental health programs for gender minorities.

Objectives/Goals: We aimed to discover treatment candidates for uterine fibroids, a common benign tumor with adverse impacts on quality of life. Repurposing already approved medications for fibroids can expedite treatment option expansion. Using genetic proxies, we identified novel fibroid drug candidates and estimated their effect on risk of fibroid diagnosis. Methods/Study Population: We performed a genetically predicted gene expression (GPGE) analysis using S-PrediXcan and GTEx tissue models with multi-ancestry genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics of fibroids (cases  =  74,294, controls  =  465). There were 81 genes significantly associated with fibroid risk. Querying drug–gene interaction databases identified 56 approved medications that target these genes, including two antihypertensives, hydralazine, and spironolactone. Using independent multi-ancestry GWAS summary statistics (N  =  635,969) for systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), we conducted GPGE analyses. Blood pressure (exposure) and fibroids (outcome) GPGE summary statistics in the same tissues were used for two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to proxy medication effects. Results/Anticipated Results: GPGE analyses identified hydralazine/tumor protein P53 (TP53) activity and spironolactone/thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRB) activity as drug-gene candidate pairs. Both drugs increase gene activity of their paired gene. Increased TP53 expression was associated with SBP in four tissues (exposure). The MR results indicated hydralazine use, proxied by increased TP53 expression, may reduce fibroid risk by 42% per standard deviation of gene expression (odds ratio [OR]  =  0.58, p  =  1.43E-12). Increased THRB expression was associated with DBP in eight tissues and were included in the MR (exposure). The MR results suggest spironolactone use, proxied by increased THRB expression, may reduce fibroid risk by 23% per standard deviation of gene expression (OR  =  0.77, p  = 5.94E-6). Discussion/Significance of Impact: We provide biologically plausible evidence for repurposing hydralazine and spironolactone for reducing risk of fibroid diagnosis. Repurposing these hypertension medications could provide novel preventative treatments for fibroids, particularly for individuals disproportionately affected by both conditions.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The objective of this research is to begin documenting barriers to regenerative care to proactively address issues of accessibility and determine and implement interventions in anticipation of equitable care. We will explore the accessibility of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (Knee OA) METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This research has two components. First, retrospective chart analysis using electronic databases to gather factors such as sex, race, ethnicity, disease severity, price, insurance, and treatments. Second. Prospective survey to gather the information (income, employment, education level) that are not found in the chart. Patients with knee OA conditions who received standard care will be compared to knee OA patients who received the novel PRP treatment. Statistical prediction modeling will be employed to determine the probability of receiving novel regenerative PRP treatment based on gathered explanatory variables. Our sample size is about 1000 patients per group (PRP group vs standard care group). Patients are from the three Mayo sites (Rochester, Arizona, Florida) as well as Detroit Medical Center. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our preliminary analysis shows that only a homogenous of patients (white) are receiving the novel PRP regenerative care to treat knee OA even though African Americans suffer from knee OA at a much greater rate. However, we still don’t know what is the main driver of this homogeneity. We anticipate that insurance coverage and out-of-pocket cost of care for PRP to be a huge barrier. Also, we are anticipating the lack of knowledge about PRP and its level 1 meta-analysis efficacy, as well as physician bias for not recommending PRP to certain underrepresented populations could play a role as well. We plan to order the level of influence of each barrier for each sex, race, and ethnicity, so intervention can be personalized and targeted for each population of interest. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Almost half of Americans live with at least one chronic medical condition and regenerative medicine holds tremendous promise to address many disease categories. To design any intervention to increase access requires knowledge about barriers in regenerative care, which is why this research is very critical now before the wide implementation of care.