OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To characterize the oncogenic potential of HNSCC cell lines harboring 17 non-canonical PIK3CA mutations. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Non-canonical PIK3CA mutant constructs generated via site-directed mutagenesis are subcloned into doxycycline-inducible vector pLVX-Puro. Serum-dependent HNSCC cell line (PCI-52-SD1) is then stably transfected with vectors and undergo doxycycline-induction. Cell survival is determined by depriving cells of fetal bovine serum for 72 hours and quantifying remaining cells with 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Cell proliferation and migration is evaluated with colony formation assays and transwell assays respectively. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: To date, the survival behavior of eight non-canonical mutants was assessed. Three mutants – Q75E, V71I, and E970K – exhibited 18.7-26.7% greater survival rate relative to cells transfected with wild-type. Five mutants – R519G, Y606C, W328S, C905S, and M1040I – demonstrated survival rates that differed only by −4.3% to +6.6% relative to wild-type. We hypothesize the three activating mutants that exhibited increased survival will also demonstrate increased cell proliferation and migratory behavior whereas the three neutral mutants will not differ from control. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Ongoing HNSCC PI3K inhibitor trials could be more effective if all PIK3CA hyperactivation mutations are known. Identifying non-canonical mutation effects could result in greater efficacy if drugs are restricted only to those with activating mutations. CONFLICT OF INTEREST DESCRIPTION: JRG and DEJ are co-inventors of cyclic STAT3 decoy and have financial interests in STAT3 Therapeutics, Inc. STAT3 Therapeutics, Inc. holds an interest in a cyclic STAT3 decoy oligonucleotide. The remaining authors declare no conflicts.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Individuals with a family history of alcoholism (FH+) are more likely to develop an alcohol use disorder than those with no such history. Early life adversity has a high coincidence with FH+ making pathogenic studies difficult in clinical studies. Here, we developed a mouse model to study pathogenic mechanisms underlying these risk factors. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Male and female C57BL6/J mice were exposed to increasing concentrations of ethanol (3-21%) or water for 15 days prior to breeding. Ethanol was not present during gestation. Offspring were either removed from the home cage and isolated for 3 hours or left undisturbed from postnatal days 1-21. Beginning on PND 56 offspring mice were assessed for clinically relevant behavioral disruptions in social behavior, cognitive working memory, locomotor activity, anxiety-like phenotypes, ethanol preference and binge drinking behavior. In a separate experiment, brains of Cx3cr2+/GFPxCcr2+/RFP mice from ELA or control conditions were collected every 7 days after birth for assessment of neuroinflammation and central immune cell morphology and density. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Mice with a family history of ethanol exposure and ELA are predicted to exhibit behavioral changes (impaired working memory, reduced social behavior, increased anxiety-like behaviors, increased ethanol consumption) to a greater extent than mice with a family history of ethanol exposure or ELA alone. We expect markers of neuroinflammation (cytokine expression, immune cell activation) to predict the behavioral changes in these mice. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Alcohol consumption and stressful life events are known environmental precipitants to neuroinflammation, which in turns may predispose individuals to anti-social and risky behavior. A mouse model of these early postnatal conditions will allow basic scientists to unravel the biological underpinnings of the behaviors driven by these factors.

Explorations of workflow development within primary care allow us to understand initial steps in the pace of knowledge and practice acclimatization within clinics. This study describes use of practice facilitation as an implementation strategy to communicate shared project goals and monitor and support refinement of practice behavior. This study engaged eight health care organizations, including 55 primary care practices, ≈380 clinicians, and ≈620 nursing and support staff in a guideline implementation project regarding United States Preventive Services Task Force use of aspirin recommendations for primary prevention of cardiovascular events.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Breast cancer metastases are stochastic and difficult to detect. Therapy is often ineffective due to phenotypic changes of tumor cells at these sites. We engineered a synthetic metastatic niche to study the role of phenotypic transitions in the microenvironment on tumor cell phenotype. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The engineered metastatic niche is composed of a porous polycaprolactone scaffold implanted subcutaneously in Balb/c mice. The mice received an orthotopic inoculation of 4T1 cells (murine triple negative breast cancer) in the fourth right mammary fat pad and the disease was allowed to progress for 7-21 days (pre-metastatic to overt metastatic disease). The scaffolds and lungs (native metastatic site) were explanted and analyzed by single cell RNA-seq via Drop-seq. Cell phenotypes were identified and tracked over time with the Seurat and Monocle3 pipelines. Assessment of the impact of these cell populations on tumor cell phenotype was conducted through Transwell co-cultures. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Healthy scaffolds are primarily composed of macrophages, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts – consistent with a foreign body response. Despite differences in the lung and scaffold prior to tumor inoculation, both tissues were marked by >5-fold increase in neutrophils/MDSCs. Additionally, 79% of genes at the scaffold that significantly changed over time were also identified in the lung, indicating key similarities in niche maturation. However, many immune cells at the scaffold had distinct phenotypes, with pro-inflammatory/cytotoxic characteristics. These changes clearly impacted tumor cell phenotype, as cells from the scaffold increased tumor cell migration and apoptosis in vitro. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Early phenotypic changes at the engineered metastatic niche can identify signs of metastasis prior to colonization of tumor cells. Furthermore, dynamics of immune and stromal cells change throughout niche maturation, influencing tumor cell phenotype and may suggest targeted therapies. CONFLICT OF INTEREST DESCRIPTION: Lonnie Shea, Jacqueline Jeruss, and Grace Bushnell are named inventors on patents or patent applications.

Rural residents in the USA experience significant disparities in mental health outcomes even though the prevalence of mental illness in rural and metropolitan areas is similar. This is a persistent problem that requires innovative approaches to resolve. Adopting and appropriately modifying the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities research framework are the potential approaches to understanding how these disparities might be addressed through research. Using this research framework can facilitate interrogation of multiple levels of influence, encompassing complex domains of influence and consideration of the entire life course trajectory, which is consistent with several National Institute of Mental Health priorities.

Although highly involved in heart failure (HF) patients’ care, home care workers (HCWs) lack HF training and are poorly integrated into the healthcare team. For its potential to address these challenges, we examined the role of technology among HCWs caring for HF patients. We conducted 38 interviews with key stakeholders. Overall, four themes emerged. Participants reported that technology is critical for HF care, but existing systems are outdated and ineffective. HCWs also have limited access to electronic resources. Technology, training, and principles of implementation science can be leveraged to improve HCWs’ experience in caring for HF patients and home healthcare delivery.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Aging is the biggest risk factor for cancer, yet little is known about cancer immunotherapy effects. Here we investigate melanoma response to αPD-1, αPD-L1 and αPD-L2 in young vs. aged hosts. We look at different immune outcomes as possible mechanism. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We tested αPD-1 (100 μg/mouse), αPD-L1 (100 μg/mouse) or αPD-L2 (200 μg/mouse) in aged (18-24 months) and young (3-8 months) mice challenged orthotopically with B16. Tumors and draining lymph nodes (TDLN) were analyzed by flow. Bone marrow-derived DC were generated with GM-CSF. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We reported that αPD-1 treats young and aged with B16 and αPD-L1 only treats young. aPD-L2 treated B16 in aged but, remarkably, not young, the first anti-cancer single agent immunotherapy exhibiting this property. Efficacy in young (aPD-1, aPD-L1) and aged (aPD-1, aPD-L2) correlated with increased T cell stem cells (TCSC) and total tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), but TCSC differed by age and treatment (e.g., distinct CCR2, CXCR5, CXCR3, PD-1 and TIM- expression). Aged expressed significantly more T-cell PD-1 and up to 40-fold more PD-L2 versus young in myeloid and NK cells, and TCSC. Bone marrow-derived DC experiments suggest aged DC are destined for high PD-L2 versus young. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Treatment differences in aged vs. young could depend on immune checkpoint or TCSC differences. We are now identifying mechanisms for increased PD-L2 and contributions to aPD-L2 efficacy in aged, and testing TCSC effects. Our work can improve cancer immunotherapy in aged hosts and further provide important insights even in young hosts.

The National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST) demonstrated the use of low dose helical computed tomography (LDCT) scans for lung cancer screening. However, the NLST was implemented in urban hospitals and prior to the Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS). In this retrospective cohort study, 774 eligible patients received LDCT screening using Lung-RADS criteria. Eighty-four patients (10.9%) had subsequent testing performed compared to 24.2% in the NLST study. Of those with subsequent testing, 21.4% were diagnosed with lung cancer compared to only 4.6% in the NLST study. Lung-RADS significantly reduced unnecessary testing while identifying higher rates of lung cancer compared to the NLST.

Recent revisions to the Federal Policy for the Protections of Human Subjects require that informed consent documents begin with a “concise and focused presentation” of the key information a participant requires. Key information “must be organized and presented in a way that facilitates comprehension.” The regulations do not specify what information be included, nor how it must be presented to facilitate comprehension. It is unknown how institutions and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are interpreting the current regulations. We conducted a review of randomly sampled available key information templates at 46 US medical institutions to determine how they are implementing the new regulations.

The National Institutes of Health requires data and safety monitoring boards (DSMBs) for all phase III clinical trials. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute requires DSMBs for all clinical trials involving more than one site and those involving cooperative agreements and contracts. These policies have resulted in the establishment of DSMBs for many implementation trials, with little consideration regarding the appropriateness of DSMBs and/or key adaptations needed by DSMBs to monitor data quality and participant safety. In this perspective, we review the unique features of implementation trials and reflect on key questions regarding the justification for DSMBs and their potential role and monitoring targets within implementation trials.

Chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) involves one-third of the US population, and prescription opioids contribute to the opioid epidemic. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention emphasizes maximizing non-opioid treatment, but many rural populations cannot access alternative therapies. Clinical and Translational Science Award hubs across four rural states performed a multi-site, single-arm intervention feasibility study testing methods and procedures of implementing a behavioral intervention, acceptance and commitment therapy, in primary care CNCP patients on chronic opioids. Using the CONSORT extension for feasibility studies, we describe lessons learned in recruiting/retaining participants, intervention implementation, data measurement, and multi-site procedures. Results inform a future definitive trial and potentially others conducting rural trials.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Our overall objective is to develop a directly observable and reproducible method of enhanced blood flow through tumor vessels (i.e. dynamic control) at the time of systemic treatment delivery. Our central hypothesis is that the dynamic control of tumor vessels will improve (1) systemic drug delivery and (2) effector cell trafficking to target tumor. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: B16 melanoma cells were inoculated into C57BL/6 (B6) mice (male and female) in both regional (hind leg) and systemic (flank) models. Dynamic control consisted of an IV saline bolus (500 ul) and phenylephrine (10 ug). Tumor vessel response was observed in real-time through window chambers using intravital microscopy (IVM). Dynamic control was combined with melphalan (20 mg/ml) either regionally (isolated limb perfusion) or systemically. Outcomes included tumor growth, survival, IHC, and toxicity. Dynamic control will be combined with adoptive transfer of effector T cells. B6 mice will be inoculated with B16/OVA (flank with window chamber) and treated with fluorescently labeled (calcein), OVA-specific CD8+ T cells from OT-1 transgenic mice. IVM, IHC, and flow cytometry will be used to measure T cell trafficking. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Dynamic control (1) restored blood flow in non-functional tumor vessels and (2) increased and then transiently reversed blood flow in functional vessels. Vessel diameters did not change, suggesting that shunting of systemic blood to the tumor vasculature accounted for the observed changes. Dynamic control augmented tumor responses in our regional therapy model of melanoma. Increases in DNA adduct formation (melphalan mechanism of action) detected by IHC, decreased tumor growth, and increased survival were observed with dynamic control. There was no increased limb toxicity. Similarly, dynamic control augmented responses in our systemic therapy model (decreased tumor growth and improved survival). We anticipate that dynamic control will improve trafficking of effector T cells in the next set of experiments. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Heterogeneous responses to systemic therapies represent a major gap in current cancer treatment. An essential requirement for any effective therapy is its ability to reach tumor via the tumor-associated vasculature. We have therefore developed an approach to enhance drug delivery (dynamic control), which we also plan to test in clinical trials.