1. Editorial Policy
FOCUS AND SCOPE
What we publish
Philosophy of Science aims to publish the best original work in philosophy of science, broadly construed. This work will advance the discussion in some area of philosophy of science or the philosophy of a particular science in a way that is of direct interest to experts in the field, and in a way that explicitly acknowledges and responds to existing work in the area. All submissions are peer reviewed.
Professional standards
Submissions that do not take into account the existing literature on the topic of the paper and related topics are not publishable in Philosophy of Science.
SECTION POLICIES
Articles
Articles make novel contributions to current research and debates in contemporary philosophy of science and locate this new work in relation to existing literature in the field.
- Articles are limited to 9500 words all inclusive (title, abstract, footnotes, citations).
- Authors may have no more than one peer-reviewed submission (article or discussion note) under consideration at any time.*
- Authors who have published an article in Philosophy of Science (not including book reviews or discussion notes) in the past 12 months may not submit another article until 12 months after the date of acceptance.*
- Authors may submit no more than one article every 6 months to the journal. Co-authored papers with different first authors may also be considered at the discretion of the Editorial team.*
Discussion Notes
Discussion Notes, more restricted in scope than articles, engage with and provide focused commentary on a recently published article, or result, of high interest to the philosophy of science community. We encourage Discussion Notes that give attention to recently published articles from the journal.
- Discussion Notes are normally limited to 4000 words all inclusive (title, abstract, footnotes, citations).
- Authors may have no more than one peer-reviewed submission (article or discussion note) under consideration at any time.*
- Authors who have published a discussion note in Philosophy of Science in the past 12 months may not submit another until 12 months after the date of acceptance.*
- Authors may submit no more than one discussion note every 6 months to the journal. Co-authored discussion notes with different first authors may also be considered at the discretion of the Editorial team.*
*Note that these rules do not include submissions related to the PSA biennial meetings, which are handled separately by the PSA Program Chair and do not count against ordinary article submission quotas.
Essay Reviews
Essay reviews, longer than standard book reviews, critically engage with the content of a recent book publication. Essay reviews may also sometimes focus on a cluster of related works or themes that are of interest to the journal’s readership.
- Essay reviews are solicited, but members of the PSA may suggest topics for essay reviews.
- Essay reviews are normally limited to 4000 words.
- Essay reviews are checked by the Editorial team, and modest revisions are frequently requested. Essay reviews are subject to approval by the Editor.
2. Preparing to submit to the journal
AUTHOR GUIDELINES
Please read these guidelines carefully to help avoid delays with your manuscript.
Manuscripts
The submission should not have been previously published and should not be currently under review by another journal. Submissions should be double-spaced. The manuscript should include an abstract of approximately 100 words. A paper may not exceed 9,500 words, including abstract, footnotes, and references.
Manuscripts must be prepared for anonymous review. Please see the section 'Preparing Your Paper for Anonymous Review' on this page.
Consult the formatting guidelines to prepare your paper for publication. Exact adherence to the guidelines is not mandatory at the review stage, but you will be asked to reformat your paper if it is accepted.
File Format
Acceptable submission formats are determined by the Editorial Manager software. Editorial Manager must be able to build an Adobe PDF from your files. As noted, you will be required to preview and approve the built file before the submission is complete.
File formats must be PDF (for submission only), Microsoft Word, TeX, or LaTeX. If you are using TeX or LaTeX, please ensure that your source file can be compiled using only standard libraries.
Figures and Illustrations
We strongly prefer that graphics be incorporated into the main file wherever possible. If you send us figures in a separate file, please make sure that:
- There is just one figure per file.
- It is very clear where the figures should be inserted into the text.
- The figure is print-quality. Scans are not normally print-quality.
- You have permission to use any figure that you have taken from another source. (Beginning January 2022, Philosophy of Science will be published by Cambridge University Press. Please obtain permissions that will allow publication with Cambridge University Press.)
- The file is in a standard, widely readable, format for graphical files — JPEG, GIF, EPS (Encapsulated Postscript), or TIFF.
Preparing Your Paper for Anonymous Review
As a step toward avoiding bias in the review process, the journal makes every effort to review papers without communicating the author's identity to the reviewers. To this end, please ensure that your paper does not contain information that communicates your identity to the anonymous reviewers. We will be unable to begin the review process until we feel that this has been suitably accomplished.
To prepare your paper for anonymous review, please follow these guidelines:
There is no need for a title page. The first page of the paper should contain the title, immediately followed by the abstract, immediately followed by text of the paper. Your name should not appear on this page as the author.
Generic references to 'I' or 'me' (or other first-person pronouns) are permitted, unless they appear in conjunction with evidence that would lead the reader to infer to whom the pronoun refers.
Acceptable:
"In this paper, I will show that adaptationism is a grave sin."
"My argument in section 2 applies here as well."
Not Acceptable:
"As I have argued elsewhere..."
Correction: "As Jones (2001) has argued..."
"As I argue in (Jones 2001)."
Correction: "As Jones (2001) argues."
"This argument is fleshed out in my (2001)."
Correction: "Jones (2001) makes this argument in more detail."
Check that the paper has no running headers or footers with your name
Omit acknowledgements or references to personal communication with other academics.
Copyright Notice
Manuscripts should be submitted to Philosophy of Science with the understanding that upon publication an exclusive license to publish will be granted to the Philosophy of Science Association. The author will retain the right to put an electronic pre-print copy of the paper on a personal web site, as well as the non-exclusive right to reuse their paper in any future work authored or edited by themselves. For more information, please see the publishing agreement page.
AUTHOR FORMATTING GUIDELINES
Download the Philosophy of Science Artwork Guidelines here: (1 MB)
Download the Philosophy of Science LaTeX Guidelines here: (263 KB)
Download the Philosophy of Science Math Guidelines here: (276 KB)
Download the Philosophy of Science Table Guidelines here: (615 KB)
To view the PDF files linked above, you will need Adobe Acrobat Reader.
Download the Philosophy of Science LaTeX Source files here.
Manuscripts
Philosophy of Science only publishes original work. The submission should not have been previously published and should not be currently under review elsewhere. Submissions should be double-spaced.
Articles and Discussion Notes should include an abstract of no more than 100 words. Information regarding the word length for each submission type can be found above under Section Policies.
Manuscripts must be prepared for anonymous review. Please see the section above on Preparing Your Paper for Anonymous Review.
All figures must be drawn and lettered with a professional appearance. All formulas and equations should be put in such a form as to help minimize the number of printed lines in the journal. See the section below on "figures" for further important information about figures.
The journal follows Chicago Manual of Style guidelines. A bibliographical list of cited references (in alphabetical order) should be headed "References." Within this list, each reference should begin with the author's surname, given name, the year of publication, followed by a period and the rest of the bibliographic information. For examples of how to format your references, please see the subheading "List of References". In the text, simple citations or attributions should be made by supplying the author and year of publication, for example, "Jones (1958) claims ..." or "New evidence overturns this theory (Smith 1974, 46)." Footnotes should not be used for simple citations. Discursive footnotes (consecutively numbered) should be kept to an absolute minimum. Review our formatting guidelines to prepare your paper for publication. When you submit your paper on the Philosophy of Science Editorial Manager website, the paper will be built as an Adobe PDF which you must view and approve. When you view the file, make sure that it has all figures, illustrations, references, footnotes and the bibliography. The submission will only be forwarded to the editor after you have approved the submitted files.
File Format
For information on acceptable submission formats and figures and illustrations, please see the above section Figures and Illustrations.
Formatting Guidelines
In order for an accepted paper to be published, the paper must conform to the conventions of the Chicago Manual of Style. Below are additional conventions used by Philosophy of Science. For anything not covered below, consult the Chicago Manual of Style. The instructions below sometimes refer to sections in the 17th edition (abbreviated CMS).
Margins should be ample, approximately 1-1/2" (4 cm) top and bottom, 1-1/4" (3 cm) left and 1" (2.5 cm) right.
Justification: Please left-justify the text. The right margin should be ragged.
Typeface: Times or Times New Roman is best for proofreading and for computer translation.
Typesize: 12 point. Type size should be full size at all times, including in footnotes, references, picture legends, etc.
Spacing: All text should be double-spaced, including the text in footnotes, references, picture legends, etc.
Page numbers: Please include page numbers.
If you are using LaTeX, these formatting settings may be achieved by included the following text in your preamble:
% specify 12pt font in the settings for your document class
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
% set margins
\usepackage[top=4cm, bottom=4cm, left=3cm, right=2.5cm]{geometry}
% make entire document double spaced
\usepackage{setspace}
\doublespacing
% ensure footnotes are full sized and double spaced
\usepackage{footmisc}
\renewcommand{\footnotelayout}{\doublespacing\normalsize}
% left justify text
\makeatletter
\newcommand\iraggedright{%
\let\\\@centercr\@rightskip\@flushglue \rightskip\@rightskip
\leftskip\z@skip}
\makeatother
\iraggedright
% set bibtex bibliography to chicago style
\bibliographystyle{chicago}
If you are submitting your LaTeX files to EM, please read our Editorial Manager and LaTeX Guide.
Structure of the Paper
The final version of the paper should have the following parts, each beginning on a new page:
● abstract
● main text
● appendices [when necessary]
● references
Abstract
Place the abstract at the beginning of the document on its own page (i.e., insert a page break after the abstract).
Main Text
The first section is normally numbered and titled "1. Introduction." Use software "styles" to create sections/subsections or put a blank line between each section and subsection. Section titles use headline capitalization, for instance, "Explanation of Anomalies," not "Explanation of anomalies." Uses of "section," like "figure," "table," and so on, are always lowercase.
Italics and Boldface
We do not italicize foreign or technical terms commonly used by philosophers of science. Examples:
"ipso facto," "i.e.," "ad hoc," "a priori"
Unfamiliar terms may be in italics. Examples:
"The now obsolete Japanese term warifu was used to designate the tearing of pieces of material or paper to record an economic transaction.
Indicate italicized words, phrases requiring emphasis, and titles of published books and journals by italic typeface, not underlining. Indicate boldface by bold typeface, not wavy underlining.
Formulas, Equations, and Special Symbols
See Guidelines for Math.
Equations and symbols should be fully legible. Give any variables the style they should display, e.g., italics, bold, or unusual fonts.
Where possible, formulas and equations should be put in a form that helps to minimize the number of printed lines. For example: p = -dx/dy = -dz/dt.
When possible, an alternative symbol or sign should be provided if the symbol required is rare. To avoid confusion between similar symbols such as the letter O and zero, mu and u, subset and less than, clearly identify the symbol to the typesetter, for example, in a note to the typesetter at the beginning of the paper.
Proofs, theorems, propositions, and so on should be entered as block quotes with any heading (e.g., "Theorem 1.”) in bold (but not italic) and followed by a period.
Footnotes
Footnotes should be used, not endnotes. The font should be the same size (12 point) as the main text.
Discursive footnotes should be avoided; incorporate material in the body of the text whenever possible. Remaining footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the typescript.
Figures and Tables
Figures and tables require special treatment. Please contact the editors if you have any questions.
See Guidelines for Artwork and Guidelines for Tables.
Digital art should be submitted as high resolution .tiff, .eps, or .jpg files, or as a clean, high resolution PDF file. A figure that looks good on your computer monitor may not look good when printed in high resolution. The minimum resolution for graphics files should be 300 dpi. Please consult with local support if you are unsure how to produce high quality graphical images. The editorial office and Cambridge University Press cannot redraw images for you.
Tables should be typed with a minimum of borders and other features enabled. The journal has a standard style for printing tables, and in general will use this style when printing your table.
Please submit your tables and figures as separate files. They may also be included in the text at the appropriate place. Alternatively, you may indicate their approximate location with a note such as "[Include Figure 1 here]". In either case, labels ("Figure 1.") and any captions should be included. Figures within the text are centered, but captions are left-justified. Captions are punctuated and capitalized as sentences.
References
Authors are responsible for the completeness and accuracy of their bibliography and citations. Please cross-check your citations against your bibliography; the journal’s copyeditors often run across inconsistencies or incompleteness. In this case, you will be asked to fix the problem. This slows down production, and in the end saves you no time. Please go ahead and double-check your references now.
We use the author-date system. See the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style chapter 15, but be sure to follow the specifications below. Be sure that the References include page numbers for all articles in journals and edited volumes. Uses of inclusive numbers (in run of text, article page ranges, etc.) are abridged following CMS 9.61 (e.g., 123–27, not 123–7 or 123–127). Use fully realized (unabridged) numbers in book or article titles only (e.g., “History of Genetics, 1945–1990”). In both the reference list and in-text citations, simply give the numbers, without "page" or "pg."
In-Text Citations
Simple citations or quotation attributions should be made by citation within the text, rather than by footnote. Cite author and year of publication, for example, (Jones 1974) and, when appropriate, page numbers (Jones 1974, 25). Note the comma between year and page but not between author and year. There is no "p." or "page" preceding the page number.
If the context clearly specifies the reference, the year and page number are sufficient:
Jones's theory (1974, 25) contradicts his earlier account (1965).
Regardless of whether the subject of the sentence is the author or the book or article itself, the citation is in parentheses (or in brackets, for discursive text already within parentheses), with a comma between date and page.
Examples with author as subject:
Hegel (1787, 344) argued that ...
Hegel argued that ... philosophy (1787, 344).
Example in which the book or article itself is what is being referred to:
This argument was refuted (see Hegel 1787). [See CMS 15.28 regarding how a locution such as “This argument was refuted in Hegel 1787,” although technically proper, is best avoided and should be worded as in the example shown here.]
Note that within the text, the period comes after the closing parenthesis of the citation.
At the end of a block extract, place the citation after the period.
No more causes of natural things should be admitted than are both true and sufficient to explain their phenomena. ... Therefore, the causes assigned to natural effects of the same kind must be, so far as possible, the same. (Newton 1999, 794–95)
When citing a reprint, give the original year followed by a slash and then the year for the new edition
... as argued by Duhem (1906/1954).
In places where you are referring to multiple texts by a single author, separate years with commas:
(Marx 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986)
For many texts by multiple authors, use semicolons to separate authors:
(Marx 1982; Eliot 1983; Fudd 1992; Duck 1993)
(Marx 1982, 1983; Fudd 1992, 1995; Fudd and Hare 1996; Duck 1999)
See CMS 15.30.
List of References
The bibliographical list of cited references must be headed “References” and placed on a new page after the main text (i.e., insert a page break before the list of references). List references alphabetically by senior author. More than one reference by the same author should be listed in chronological order.
If you know how to format hanging indents, use them throughout the bibliography. If you do not, please format all references flush left, and leave an extra space after each entry.
Authors: Please use complete first and last names for authors, not just initials and surnames (if you cannot readily ascertain a first name, the initials will suffice). If there are two or more authors, use "and" not "&." Only for the first author does the surname precede the given name. If the reference list has two or more works by the same author(s), please include full citation information, including full author name, in each entry.
For multiple authors, list the surname of the first author, comma, given name of first author, then given name before surname of subsequent authors, separated by commas with the word "and" before the last one. Even if there are only two authors, use a comma before the word "and". Example:
Burian, Richard M., Jean Gayon, and Doris Zallen. 1988. "The Singular Fate of Genetics in the History of French Biology, 1900–1940." Journal of the History of Biology 21:357–402.
Titles
For all titles of English-language works (articles, books, chapters, etc.) use headline ("up") capitalization (CMS 8.159). For foreign book titles, see CMS section 11.6. Book and journal titles are italicized.
Books
Include author or editor, period, publication year, period, title (including subtitle) italicized (if needed: period, volume or edition), period (translator and editor if in addition to author), city of publication (if needed: comma, state), colon, publisher, period. Example:
Harding, Sandra G. 1987. Feminism and Methodology: Social Science Issues. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Dissertations
Include author, period, publication year, period, open quote, title (including subtitle) nonitalicized, period, closing quote, then "PhD diss.” comma, name of university, period.
Craver, Carl F. 1998. “Neural Mechanisms: On the Structure, Function, and Development of Theories in Neurobiology.” PhD diss., University of Pittsburgh.
Reprints
For a reprinted edition of a book that requires both dates (which is the exception; most need one publication date only), include author, period, original date, slash, new edition date, period, title italicized (if needed: period, volume or edition), period (translator and editor if in addition to author), "Repr." city of publication (if needed: comma, state), colon, publisher, period. Example:
Duhem, Pierre. 1906/1954. The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. Repr. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
If you cite page numbers in the text, please include both publication dates (as, e.g., Duhem 1906/1954, 24).
Technical Reports, Working Papers, and Similar Publications
Include author, period, year, period, open quote, title (including subtitle) nonitalicized, period, closing quote, name and number of series, general editor(s) if a series, comma, name of department, comma, name of university, period (or, if not a university, then name of institution, comma, city, period). Example:
Titiev, Robert J. 1969. “Some Model- Theoretic Results in Measurement Theory.” Technical Report 146, Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford University.
Journal Articles
Include author of article, period, publication year, period, open quote, title (including subtitle) nonitalicized, period, closing quote, name of journal italicized (do not abbreviate journal titles), space, volume number (if issue number: space, opening parenthesis, issue number, closing parenthesis), colon, no space (if issue number: space), page numbers. Italicize the journal name, but not the volume and issue number. Example:
Mayo, Deborah G. 1991. "Novel Evidence and Severe Tests." Philosophy of Science 58:523–52.
For book reviews, add the name and author of the reviewed book after the title of the review.
Fodor, Jerry A. 1995. "West Coast Fuzzy: Why We Don't Know How Brains Work." Review of The Engine of Reason, the Seat of the Soul: A Philosophical Journey into the Brain, by Paul M. Churchland. Literary Journal 4821:5–6.
Edited Volumes
For articles in a book-length collection, include author(s) of article, period, publication year, period, nonitalicized title of article in quotation marks, period, followed by “In” title of collection italicized, comma, “ed.” name of book's editor(s) (all surname last), comma, page range, period, city of publication (if needed: comma, state), colon, publisher, period. Example:
Oppenheim, Paul, and Hilary Putnam. 1958. "Unity of Science as a Working Hypothesis.” In Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 2, ed. Herbert Feigl, Grover Maxwell, and Michael Scriven, 3–36. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
If you refer to many articles in the same edited volume and cite the book itself in text, give the book its own entry in the reference list and use a short citation in the entries for the articles. Example:
Feigl, Herbert, Grover Maxwell, and Michael Scriven, eds. 1958. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 2. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Oppenheim, Paul, and Hilary Putnam. 1958. "Unity of Science as a Working Hypothesis." In Feigl et al. 1958, 3–36.
PSA Proceedings
The Proceedings have appeared in several forms, which call for different styles of citation.
Through 1995 (PSA 1994 Symposia), the Proceedings were published as an edited volume and should be listed as such.
1996–2002 (PSA 1996 Contributed Papers through PSA 2000 Symposia), the Proceedings were published as a supplement to the journal Philosophy of Science. Example:
Keeley, Brian L. 2000. "Neuroethology and the Philosophy of Cognitive Science." Philosophy of Science 67 (Proceedings): S404–S417.
Starting in 2003, the Proceedings are no longer a supplement but rather a fifth issue of the journal. They should be cited in the same style as immediately above, except that the page numbers no longer include the letter S.
COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL AND PUBLISHING ETHICS
Copyrighted material
If your article contains any material in which you do not own copyright, including figures, charts, tables, photographs or excerpts of text, please see the seeking permission to use copyrighted material page for instruction.
Publishing ethics
Please refer to the publishing ethics page while preparing your materials for submission to ensure you comply with the relevant policies.
Policy on prior publication
When authors submit manuscripts to this journal, these manuscripts should not be under consideration, accepted for publication or in press within a different journal, book or similar entity, unless explicit permission or agreement has been sought from all entities involved. However, deposition of a preprint on the author’s personal website, in an institutional repository, or in a preprint archive shall not be viewed as prior or duplicate publication. Authors should follow the Cambridge University Press Preprint Policy regarding preprint archives and maintaining the version of record.
English language editing services
Authors, particularly those whose first language is not English, may wish to have their English-language manuscripts checked by a native speaker before submission. This step is optional, but may help to ensure that the academic content of the paper is fully understood by the Editor and any reviewers.
In order to help prospective authors to prepare for submission and to reach their publication goals, Cambridge University Press offers a range of high-quality manuscript preparation services – including language editing – delivered in partnership with American Journal Experts. You can find out more on our Language Services page.
Please note that the use of any of these services is voluntary, and at the author's own expense. Use of these services does not guarantee that the manuscript will be accepted for publication, nor does it restrict the author to submitting to a Cambridge-published journal.
Competing Interests
All authors must include a competing interest declaration in their title page. This declaration will be subject to editorial review and may be published in the article.
Competing interests are situations that could be perceived to exert an undue influence on the content or publication of an author’s work. They may include, but are not limited to, financial, professional, contractual or personal relationships or situations.
If the manuscript has multiple authors, the author submitting must include competing interest declarations relevant to all contributing authors.
Example wording for a declaration is as follows: “Competing interests: Author 1 is employed at organisation A, Author 2 is on the Board of company B and is a member of organisation C. Author 3 has received grants from company D.” If no competing interests exist, the declaration should state “Competing interests: The author(s) declare none”.
Authorship and contributorship
All authors listed on any papers submitted to this journal must be in agreement that the authors listed would all be considered authors according to disciplinary norms, and that no authors who would reasonably be considered an author have been excluded. For further details on this journal’s authorship policy, please see this journal's publishing ethics policies.
Author affiliations
Author affiliations should represent the institution(s) at which the research presented was conducted and/or supported and/or approved. For non-research content, any affiliations should represent the institution(s) with which each author is currently affiliated.
For more information, please see our author affiliation policy and author affiliation FAQs.
ORCID
We encourage authors to identify themselves using ORCID when submitting a manuscript to this journal. ORCID provides a unique identifier for researchers and, through integration with key research workflows such as manuscript submission and grant applications, provides the following benefits:
- Discoverability: ORCID increases the discoverability of your publications, by enabling smarter publisher systems and by helping readers to reliably find work that you have authored.
- Convenience: As more organisations use ORCID, providing your iD or using it to register for services will automatically link activities to your ORCID record, and will enable you to share this information with other systems and platforms you use, saving you re-keying information multiple times.
- Keeping track: Your ORCID record is a neat place to store and (if you choose) share validated information about your research activities and affiliations.
See our ORCID FAQs for more information. If you don’t already have an iD, you can create one by registering directly at https://ORCID.org/register.
ORCIDs can also be used if authors wish to communicate to readers up-to-date information about how they wish to be addressed or referred to (for example, they wish to include pronouns, additional titles, honorifics, name variations, etc.) alongside their published articles. We encourage authors to make use of the ORCID profile’s “Published Name” field for this purpose. This is entirely optional for authors who wish to communicate such information in connection with their article. Please note that this method is not currently recommended for author name changes: see Cambridge’s author name change policy if you want to change your name on an already published article. See our ORCID FAQs for more information.
Supplementary materials
Material that is not essential to understanding or supporting a manuscript, but which may nonetheless be relevant or interesting to readers, may be submitted as supplementary material. Supplementary material will be published online alongside your article, but will not be published in the pages of the journal. Types of supplementary material may include, but are not limited to, appendices, additional tables or figures, datasets, videos, and sound files.
Supplementary materials will not be typeset or copyedited, so should be supplied exactly as they are to appear online. Please see our general guidance on supplementary materials for further information.
Where relevant we encourage authors to publish additional qualitative or quantitative research outputs in an appropriate repository, and cite these in manuscripts.
Author Hub
You can find guides for many aspects of publishing with Cambridge at Author Hub, our suite of resources for Cambridge authors.
Use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools
We acknowledge the increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in the research and writing processes. To ensure transparency, we expect any such use to be declared and described fully to readers, and to comply with our plagiarism policy and best practices regarding citation and acknowledgements. We do not consider artificial intelligence (AI) tools to meet the accountability requirements of authorship, and therefore generative AI tools such as ChatGPT and similar should not be listed as an author on any submitted content.
In particular, any use of an AI tool:
- to generate images within the manuscript should be accompanied by a full description of the process used, and declared clearly in the image caption(s)
- to generate text within the manuscript should be accompanied by a full description of the process used, include appropriate and valid references and citations, and be declared in the manuscript’s Acknowledgements.
- to analyse or extract insights from data or other materials, for example through the use of text and data mining, should be accompanied by a full description of the process used, including details and appropriate citation of any dataset(s) or other material analysed in all relevant and appropriate areas of the manuscript
- must not present ideas, words, data, or other material produced by third parties without appropriate acknowledgement or permission
Descriptions of AI processes used should include at minimum the version of the tool/algorithm used, where it can be accessed, any proprietary information relevant to the use of the tool/algorithm, any modifications of the tool made by the researchers (such as the addition of data to a tool’s public corpus), and the date(s) it was used for the purpose(s) described. Any relevant competing interests or potential bias arising as a consequence of the tool/algorithm’s use should be transparently declared and may be discussed in the article.