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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2024

Stephen Turton
Stephen Turton
Affiliation:
University of Oxford

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Type
Chapter
Information
Before the Word Was Queer
Sexuality and the English Dictionary, 1600–1930
 , pp. 315 - 334
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Index

Page references in italics indicate a figure; those in bold indicate a table. Titles of works appear under the names of authors or editors, except when a work is anonymous. The index does not cover the book’s front matter or appendices.

abbreviations, 189
abuse, 68, 124, 125, 130
Adams, Eve, Lesbian Love, 189, 190, 194
Adams, Michael, 12
adultery
definitions, 51, 71, 73, 96
punishments for, 37
agency, 22
lexicography and, 45
of readers/readership, 54
sexual, 72
denial of, 69
erasure of, 68, 76
of women, 45–48, 76, 89, 134, 137
Ahmed, Sara, 48, 116, 194
Allan, Maud, 23
Allatini, Rose Laure (A. T. Fitzroy), Despised & Rejected, 173–174
Allbutt, Clifford, System of Medicine, 160
Allen, Francis, A Complete English Dictionary, 69, 102
American Heritage Dictionary, 179, 181
Amin, Kadji, 195
Anderson, Margaret, 189
Andreadis, Harriette, 76, 78
Andrewes, George, A Dictionary of the Slang and Cant Languages, 113
androcentrism, 44–45
androcoetesis, 134
andrumesis, 134–135
Ange, Marie, 133
Annandale, Charles, The Imperial Dictionary, 103, 150
antedatings, 185–186, 187, 190, 192
homosexual (adj.), 168, 184, 185
homosexuality, 185
lesbian/lesbianism, 184
antinormativity, 22
antisemitism, 70
anus, 106, 139
cristæ, definitions, 122
diseases of, 122
windward passage, 106, 112
apothecaries, 117
appendices, 73, 113, 130 See Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Supplements.
Arber, Edward, 152
Ash, John, The New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language, 50
bardash, definition, 65
buggery, etymology of, 62
inclusivity of, 102, 149
ingle, definition, 68
love, definition, 74
on mythological figures, 73, 74, 76
nymphae, definition, 126
Sapphic/Lesbian, definition, 94
on Sappho, 77
sodomy, definition, 50
sodomy, etymology of, 59
Atkyns, Arabella, The Family Magazine, 117
attestations
confricatrices, 128
intersex, 172
recording of, 149, 168
revisions, 185, 186
See antedatings.
Austin, John Langshaw, 21
authorities, definitional, 15, 16, 17
exclusion/omission, 153–154, 154
narrative testimony as, 157–158
norms, reinforced by, 26
propriety as, 87
queer, 168–170
trials as, 154–155
authority
circular, 179
and crowdsourced dictionaries, 183
performative, 54
‘B. E.’, A New Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and Modern of the Canting Crew, 15, 105, 108
back gammon player, 106, 113
Badcock, John. See Bee, John
Bailey, Nathan, 54, 76
Dictionarium Britannicum, 15, 57, 65, 74, 126, 149
bardash, definition, 65, 68
on mythological figures, 72, 73
OED, source for, 150
pederasty, definition, 63
prostitution, 68
on sex between women, 91
sodomy, definition, 36, 41, 61
sodomy, etymology, 59
The Universal Etymological English Dictionary, 15, 43, 44, 46, 62, 65, 111
bardash, definition, 65, 68
buggery, definition, 36
cant supplement, 104, 108
catamite, definition, 69
copulation, definition, 42
dictionary, definition, 102
OED, source for, 150
pathicks, definition, 68
pederasty, definition, 63
on sex between women, 91–92
sodomy, definition, 41
Baker, Ernest A., 176
Baker, Helen, 67
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 178
Baldwin, James Mark, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 164
Bank of English (corpus), 179
Barclay, James, A Complete and Universal English Dictionary on a New Plan, 50, 69
bardash, 65, 66, 66, 68, 69, 150
Barker, Edmund Henry, 80
Barlow, Frederick, The Complete English Dictionary, 69, 102
Barrell, John, 45
Barrett, Rusty, 21
Barrow, John, Dictionarium Medicum Universale, 118, 132, 143
Bartholin, Caspar, Anatomy, 128
Baskerville, John, 98
Bates, Katharine Lee, 167
Bayle, Pierre, An Historical and Critical Dictionary, 77, 78, 82
beastliness, 36
Beccalossi, Chiara, 140
Beck, John B., Elements of Medical Jurisprudence, 139
Beck, Theodric Romeyn, Elements of Medical Jurisprudence, 139
Bee, John (John Badcock), Slang: A Dictionary, 112, 113
Beeton, Isabella Mary, 141
Beeton’s Medical Dictionary, 141, 144
Béjoint, Henri, 54, 105
Bell, Vanessa, 189, 192
Benson, Phil, 18, 19, 58
Bentham, Jeremy, Pæderasty, 63
Beste, Henry Digby, 84
bestiality, 37, 123–124
definitions, 39, 41, 53, 97
Betham, Matilda, A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country, 82, 83
biases, 146
Bible
Great Bible 1539, 38
King James 1611, 13
quotations from, 31
Sodom, story of, 41, 59–60
Bickerstaff, Isaac, 97
bigamy, 51, 88
bilingual dictionaries, 87–90, 88
Billing, Noel Pemberton, 147, 161
Billings, John S., The National Medical Dictionary, 155, 159
biographical dictionaries, 82–83
bisexuality, 157, 166, 183
Blackstone, William, Commentaries on the Laws of England, 48
Blank, Paula, 12, 65, 104, 114
Blankaart, Steven, A Physical Dictionary, 118, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127
Blommaert, Jan, 8
Blount, Thomas
Glossographia, 14, 53, 54, 60, 68, 88, 123–124
buggery, definition, 31–33, 36, 39, 40
buggery, etymology, 61
ingle, definition, 65
Lesbian, definition, 95
on mythological figures, 73
pederasty, definition, 64
prostitute, definition, 68
Νομο-γεξικον (law dictionary), 39
Bluestockings, 108
definitions, 110, 113
Boag, John, A Popular and Complete English Dictionary, 50, 51, 53
Boccaccio, Giovanni, Il Filocolo, 70
bodies and body parts
anus, 106, 139
cristæ, definitions, 122
diseases of, 122
windward passage, 106, 112
arse, definition, 96
medical dictionaries and, 119
uterus, definition, 43
See genitalia.
Bodleian Library, 148, 163, 172, 174
Phi collection, 163, 168
Boorde, Andrew, The Breuiary of Helthe, 14, 118, 122
Boswell, James, 96
Boswell, John, 184, 185
Boulton, Stella (Ernest), 114
Bradley, Eleanor, 146
Bradley, Henry, 17, 145, 151
Bradley, Thomas, A New Medical Dictionary, 135, 143
Brady, Sean, 148
Braunschneider, Theresa, 130
Bray, Alan, 37, 62
Brewer, Charlotte, 10, 150, 186
British Medical Journal, 144, 171, 173
Brooke, Frances, 84, 85
Brooke, Rupert, 192
brothels, 108
Brown, Charles/Charlotte Charke, 141
Brown, Ted, 117
Browne, Thomas, A New Classical Dictionary, for the Use of Schools, 79
Bruno, Jakob Pancraz
Lexicon medicum Græcolatinum, 120
Bryher (Annie Ellerman), 189, 190, 194
Buchanan, James, Linguæ Britannicæ Vera Pronunciatio, 50
bud sallogh, 106, 107, 110, 112
buggery
copulation, relationship with, 43–44
definitions, 30–31, 33–36, 100, 102, 147
bugger (noun), 151–152
bugger (verb), 153
in Buggery Act 1533, 38–39
exclusions/omissions, 48–49, 53
historical trends in, 33, 49–52, 50
legal discourse in, 34–35, 35
punishments, lack of reference to, 53
sexualized, 53
in slang dictionaries, 114
sodomy, relationship with, 38–41
in statutes, 52
variability in, 40
etymologies, 60–62
laws on, 52–53
legal guidance on, 30–31
pederasty, relationship with, 63–64
prosecutions for, 48
punishments for, 31, 52–53, 147
Buggery Act 1533, 13, 30, 31, 38–39
Bulgaria and Bulgarian language, 60, 62
Bullokar, John, An English Expositor, 14, 42, 88
buggery, definition, 40, 41
catamite, definition, 68
copulation, definition, 42
sodomite, definition, 41
sodomy, definition, 40, 59
Bulstrode, Cecily, 92
Bulwer, John, Anthropometamorphosis, 152
Burchfield, Robert W., 10, 99, 181
Buss, Frances Mary, 80
Butler, Eleanor, 95, 109
Butler, Judith, 21, 22, 54, 98, 119
Butler, Samuel, Hudibras, 70
Caelius Aurelianus, 120, 121, 131, 140
Calisto (mythological figure), 75–76
Cameron, Deborah, 19, 20
Campbell, John, 1st Baron Campbell, 147
Campbell, Roy, 190
Cannon, Thomas, Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplify’d, 63
cant, 104–112
criminal, 15
foreignness of, 104
glossaries, 104
carnal knowledge, definition, 52
Carpenter, Edward
Homogenic Love, 170
The Intermediate Sex, 169, 170–171, 174, 186, 187
Love’s Coming-of-age, 170, 173, 174, 187
An Unknown People, 171
Carr, Richard, Epistolæ medicinales, 128
Carrington, Dora, 189, 192, 194
Carter, Elizabeth, 78, 93
Casal, Mary (Ruth Fuller Field), The Stone Wall, 173
case (sex between women), 114
Casper, Johann Ludwig, A Handbook of the Practice of Forensic Medicine, 139, 155
Cassell’s New English Dictionary, 176
Castelli, Bartolomeo, Lexicon medicum Græcolatinum, 120, 128, 135
Castle, Terry, 96
catamites, 64, 65, 66, 68
definitions, 69, 88, 102, 150, 151
categories
physical, formation of, 119
social, 22
definitions, established by, 23, 24
performative, 21
Catholicism, 61, 95–96
Cauvin, Joseph, 80, 81
Cawdrey, Robert, 54
A Short and Fruitfull Treatise, of the Profit and Necessitie of Catechising, 34
A Table Alphabeticall, 14, 33
bilingual entries, 87, 88
buggery, definition, 33–34, 40
copulation, definition, 42
incest, definition, 38
sodomy, definition, 23
CDA (critical discourse analysis), 25
censorship, 24, 48
in educational settings, 80
in fiction, 95
of fiction, 170, 174
ineffective, 174
lexicographic, 153–154
by printers, 147
propriety and, 84–87
readership expansion, response to, 80–81
of sexological works, 158
in slang dictionaries, 112, 113
See exclusions/omissions.
Chambers, Ephraim, 125
Cyclopædia, 98, 99, 126, 127, 128
Chambers, R. W., 165
Chambers’s English Dictionary, 144
Chambers’s Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language, 176
Charke, Charlotte/Charles Brown, 141
chastity, 37
lack of, 93, 96
Chauncey, George, Jr., 164
Chen, Wenge, 25, 148, 157, 196
children and young people, 64, 66
boys, 63, 64, 66
dictionaries for, 79–80
education, 33–34, 71, 79–80, 108
girls, 63, 64, 79–80
See pederasty.
chlorosis (green sickness), 92
Choulant, Ludwig, Medizinisches Realwörterbuch, 136, 137
cinædia, 139, 150
Clarke, Hyde, A New and Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language, 50, 74, 76
classical culture, 62, 63
dangers of, 93
knowledge of, 77–78
medical, 120
mythology, 75–76
quotations, 69–71
and scientific terminology, 135–140
See Sappho.
classical dictionaries, 77, 78–79
classification, refusal of, 173
Cleland, John, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, 108
clitoris, 124–128
definitions, 124, 133, 141
hypertrophy/macro-clitoris, 127, 129, 131–132, 137
sexual activity, supposedly caused by, 127–128, 133
clitorism, 138, 143
clitorismus, 133
Cocker, Edward, Cocker’s English Dictionary, 40, 59, 60, 68
on mythological figures, 72, 73, 76
Cockeram, Henry, The English Dictionarie, 14, 88, 89
classical mythology, inclusion of, 72, 73, 74, 76
copulation, definition, 42
‘Historical Poetical Dictionary’ appendix, 73
masturbation, definition, 38
OED, source for, 150
pederasty, definition, 63
on Sappho, 77
sources, 87
subagitate, definition, 44
women, intended for, 14, 46
Cocks, Harry G., 48
Coke, Edward, 31, 32, 37, 39, 61, 63
Coleman, Julie, 11, 111, 112, 183, 184
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 83
Coles, Elisha
A Dictionary, English–Latin, and Latin–English, 89
An English Dictionary, 56, 89
buggery, definition, 42
copulation, definition, 42
gomorrhean, definition, 60
leman, definition, 65
Lesbian, definition, 95
on mythological figures, 72, 73, 76
on Sappho, 77
Collignon, Catharine, 79
Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary, 179
Collins Corpus, 179
colonization, sodomy laws and, 52
Coman, Katharine, 167
commodification, 69
completeness, 102, 103
concubinage, 38
confricatrices
definitions, 91–92, 128, 131, 133, 143
in medical dictionaries, 133, 136
exclusion/omission, 103, 150
Conner, Randy, 38
connotation, 99
consent, 72
convents, 95–96, 127, 128
Cooley, Arnold J., A Dictionary of the English Language, 53
Cooper, Duff, 148
Cooper, Lady Diana (formerly Manners), 23
Coote, Edmund, The English Schoole-maister, 33–34
copulation, 42–44, 182
cross-sex intercourse, specified as, 42, 151
corpora, 178–180
corruption
through knowledge, 85
by language, 98–99
courts. See trials.
Cowell, John, The Interpreter, 39
Craig, John, A New Universal Etymological, Technological, and Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language, 50
Craigie, William Alexander, 17, 145, 160, 161, 172, 177
crime
cant of, 15
categorization of, 37
dictionaries/glossaries of, 15
forensic medicine, 139–140
pederasty as, 64
same-sex relations as, 13, 155
vs. sin, 13, 35–36
sodomy as, 139
Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, 147, 148
criminalization
of desire, 64
of sex between women, 148
critical discourse analysis (CDA), 25
Critical Review (magazine), 110
Croft, Herbert, 93
cross-dressing, 114, 141
Crozier, Ivan, 139
cunnilingus, 111, 115
Curzan, Anne, 22
D., H. (Hilda Doolittle), 189, 190, 194
d’Avity, Pierre, 90
Daily Mail (newspaper), 1
Dalton, James, A Genuine Narrative of All the Street Robberies, 105, 106
Dalton, Michael, The Countrey Iustice, 30–31, 32, 37
Damer, Anne Seymour, 95, 109
dangers
of exposure to classical culture, 93
of linguistic deviance, 104
of obscenity, 98–99
Davidson, Thomas, 176
Dawson, Gertrude, 117
definitions
abridged, 150
circular/dead-end, 132
degendering, 51
desexualized, 50, 102
euphemistic, 112, 150
historical-cultural influence on, 8
inexplicit, 32–33, 41–43, 50, 149–150, 162
presumptive knowledge and, 43
truth value, lack of, 19
See attestations; authorities; quotations.
Defoe, Benjamin Norton, A New English Dictionary, 40, 41, 42, 44
Defoe, Daniel, The True-born Englishman, 61
Dekker, Thomas, The Belman of London, 105
denotation, 99
descriptivism, 15, 17, 19–20, 176–178
desexualization
of definitions, 50, 102
of pederasty, 73
desire
vs. act, 64
criminality of, 64
women’s, 76, 131
desire, same-sex
classification, refusal of, 173
curability of, 165
everyday language and, 166–167
foreignness of, 164
innate vs. acquired, 163–165
naturalness of, 168, 169
neologisms for, 170–173
pathologization of, 156–157, 164
as predispositon, 156
sexological definitions, 161–163
taxonomy, reversal of, 173–174
terms for
similisexual(ism), 171
Uranian/uranism, 156, 159, 160, 173, 186, 187
Diana (mythological figure), 75
dictionaries
archives, 25, 145, 148
authority of, 1, 19, 183
bibliographies, 24
bilingual, 87–90, 88
biographical, 82–83
classical, 77, 78–79
cost of, 141–142, 144
crowdsourced web-based, 182–184
culture, relationship with, 1–2
definitions, 9, 102
descriptivism, 15, 17, 19–20, 176–178
digital, 181
as discursive practice, 25, 149, 196
vs. encyclopaedias, 9
feminist, 10–11
general, 15, 40
vs. glossaries, 9
hard-word, 15, 40
history of, 14–19
instructiveness of, 8
intertextuality, 25–26
law and, 53–55
legal, 39, 53
medical, 117–144
classical vocabulary of, 135–140
materiality of, 141–144
for popular use, 141
psychological, 157
on sex between women, 128–135, 155
sexological terms in, 159
size of, 143
names, inclusion of, 71
normativity of, 3, 20
paratexts, 25
prescriptivism, 14, 15, 17, 19–20
queer use of, 47
as regulators, 3
as social practice, 25, 26, 149
specialist, 14
spelling, 117 See Entick, John; Fisher, Anne.
subscriptions to, 78
vocabulary of, 14
Dictionary of Old English (DOE), 184
Dictionnaire de l’Académie françoise, 15
Diderot, Denis, La religieuse, 95
Digby, Sarah, 84
dildos, 107, 133–134
definitions, 97, 108–109, 113
etymology, 110
Dioning (opposite-sex attracted person), 156
disease/illness
cercosis, 125, 138
retributive, 122–123
same-sex intercourse as, 121, 122
same-sex intercourse, due to, 122, 123
sexuality as, 139
sexually transmitted, 123
gonorrhoea, 122, 123
divine law, 33, 36–37
Doan, Laura, 173, 184, 185
DOE (Dictionary of Old English), 184
Donald, James, 53
Donoghue, Emma, 12, 77, 94, 184, 185
Doolittle, Hilda (H. D.), 189, 190, 194
Dorland, W. A. Newman, The American Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 159, 166
Douglas, Francis, Viscount Drumlanrig, 5
Douglas, John Sholto, 9th Marquess of Queensberry, 5–8, 6, 7
Douglas, Lord Alfred, 173
drag, 114
Drayton, Michael, The Moon-Calf, 70
Dryden, John, 93
duncarring, 105
Dunglison, Richard J., A Dictionary of Medical Science, 159
Dunglison, Robley, 136–139
A Dictionary of Medical Science, 159
Medical Lexicon, 136, 141, 143, 144
A New Dictionary of Medical Science and Literature, 136, 143
Dunton, John, 78
Durkin, Philip, 136
Dyche, Thomas, A New General English Dictionary, 37, 40, 42, 46
on mythological figures, 72, 73
Earnshaw, Christopher, Orthoepy Simplified, 50
Eckert, Penelope, 174
education, 108
censorship and, 80
dictionaries for, 79–80
in Latin, 79–80
manuals, 33–34
schools, 71, 108, 114
effeminacy, 107, 114
egalitarianism, 129
Egan, Pierce, Grose’s Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, 106, 112
ejaculation, 32, 43
elision, 24
Ellis, Henry Havelock, 160, 175
Sexual Inversion, 158, 163–164, 167–168, 171, 174
The Criminal, 155
Ellmann, Richard, 5
embodiment, 119
sexual behaviour and, 121, 122, 124
emission, 32, 43
empiricism, 176
Encyclopædia Britannica, 51
encyclopaedias, 9, 49, 103
entextualization, 26, 32
Entick, John, The New Spelling Dictionary, 75, 76, 99, 102
errors, 24
Estienne, Henri, Apologie pour Hérodote, 62
etæristria, 138, 143
etymologies, 16
of buggery, 60–62
of dildo, 110
othering through, 59
of sodomy, 59
euphemism, 48
in definitions, 112, 150
European Magazine, 110
Evelyn, Mary
‘Fop-Dictionary’, 15
Mundus Muliebris, 15
exclusions/omissions, 39, 75, 103, 182
authorities, definitional, 153–154, 154
buggery, 48–50, 53
confricatrices, 103, 150
dictionary size and, 142
of explicit definitions, 32–33, 149–150
historical trends in, 99–103, 100, 101
Johnson and, 96–98
lesbian/lesbianism, 75, 78–79, 81, 89, 90–91, 161
obscenity, statements of, 98
propriety and, 84–87, 142
queer authors, quotations from, 170, 171, 172, 175
Sapphic/Sapphism, 94–96
sex between men, 135
sex between women, 75, 78–79, 89
in slang dictionaries, 113
sodomy, 48, 53
tribades, 103
explicitness
lack of, 32–33, 41–43, 50, 149–150, 162
on medical topics, 122–123
Fairclough, Norman, 25
Fanon, Frantz, 119
Farmer, John Stephen, 147, 151
Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present, 115, 146, 147
fellatio, 111
femininity, lack of, 93
Fenning, Daniel, 69
Fielding, Henry
The Female Husband, 107
Tom Jones, 74
Finch, Henry, 39
Fisher, Anne, 54
An Accurate New Spelling Dictionary, 50, 53, 85, 86
appendix, 73
classical mythology in, 73, 74, 75, 76
on Sappho, 77
Fitzherbert, Anthony, La nouel natura breuium, 31
Fitzroy, A. T. (Allatini, Rose Laure), Despised & Rejected, 173–174
flagellation, 70
Flash Dictionary, The, 113
flats (sex between women), 109, 110
Florio, John, A Worlde of Wordes, 45
foreignness, 56–58, 61, 69–70
of cant, 104
emphasis of, 69–71
of language, 87
and lesbian sexuality, 90, 155
same-sex desire, associated with, 164
of sexual acts, 64–66
women’s genitalia and, 127–128
Forsyth, J. S., New London Medical and Surgical Dictionary, 135, 143
Fortescue Aland, John, 39, 42, 63
Foucault, Michel
on cultural identity, 83
on homosexual as category, 13, 18, 21, 121
on reverse discourse, 166
on sexology, 157
on silence, 43
on sodomy, 43
Fowler, Robert, 143
Fowler, Roger, 67
Fox, Joseph, A New Medical Dictionary, 135, 143
France, lesbian associations of, 95
frankness
lack of, 32–33, 41–43, 50, 149–150, 162
on medical topics, 122–123
Freewoman, The (journal), 173
French language, 65, 89
Freud, Sigmund, 165
fricatrices, 88–91, 103, 115, 150
friends/friendship, 167
frottage, 111
Fuller Field, Ruth (Casal, Mary), The Stone Wall, 173
Funk, I. K., A Standard Dictionary of the English Language, 160, 176
Furdell, Elizabeth Lane, 117
fututor/fututrix, 136–137, 143
Gal, Susan, 56, 67
GAN (Glossographia Anglicana Nova), 38, 44, 60
Ganymede (mythological figure), 72, 73
ganymedes (sexual partners), 64, 66, 68
Garrick, David, 57, 97
Gay Star News (journal), 1
gender
definitions, effaced in, 51
grammatical, 89, 134, 137
knowledge and, 84–87
performance, 9
General and Complete Dictionary of the English Language, A, 50, 85
genitalia, 106, 109
imprecise definitions, 126
penises
clitoris as homologue of, 124
hypospadian, 123
terms for
cunt, 102
madge, 106
vulvas, 126
labia minora (nymphae), 126
surgical mutilation of, 126–127
women’s, 107, 127–128
See clitoris.
Gentleman and Lady’s Key, to Polite-Literature, The, 79
George, Gloria, 12
German language, 136–137
Gershuny, H. Lee, 54
ghosts, 96
ghost-words, 96
glossaries
cant, 104
of criminal language, 15
vs. dictionaries, 9
of gay slang, 11, 167
medical, 118, 134–135, 143
specialist, 15
for women, 15
glosses, 41, 105, 106, 132, 134, 137
Glossographia Anglicana Nova (GAN), 38, 44, 60
Goldstein-Weiss, Sara, 183
Gove, Philip Babcock, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, 177
Graham, Alma, 180
Grant, Klein, 133, 143
Greek language, 63, 69, 123, 132
Green, Jonathon, 11, 110, 111
Grew, Nehemiah, Cosmologia Sacra, 69
Grimké, Angelina Weld, 167, 195
Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm, Deutsches Wörterbuch, 16
Grose, Francis, A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, 104, 106–107, 108–109, 111, 113
critical reception, 110
preface, 110
second edition, 110–111
guilt, 36
H. D. (Hilda Doolittle), 189, 190, 194
H., N., The Ladies Dictionary, 78, 85
Halberstam, Jack, 32, 186
Hall, Kim F., 90, 119
Hall, Kira, 197
Hall, Radclyffe, The Well of Loneliness, 148, 169–170, 174
Hall, Stuart, 180
Halliday, M. A. K., 104
Halperin, David, 184, 185
Hamilton, Charles (Mary), 107
Hampton, Mabel, 195
Hanks, Patrick, 19, 20
Harris, John, Lexicon Technicum, 125, 126, 127
Harris, W. T.
Webster’s International Dictionary of the English Language, 150
Webster’s New International Dictionary, 177
Hays, Mary, Female Biography, 82
headwords
buggery/sodomy as, 34–35, 35, 49–50, 50, 114
disambiguated, 15
foreign languages, adapted from, 87, 123, 135
historical trends in, 50, 99–103, 100, 101
in the OED, 149–156, 154
for sex between women, 91, 128–129, 131–133, 136–138, 143
for sexual partners, 66, 67
in slang/vulgar lexicography, 106, 112
undefined, 92, 105
in Webster’s Dictionary, 101
healers, 117
Heap, Jane, 189, 194
Hell upon Earth (book), 108
Henley, William Ernest, Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present, 115, 146, 147
Henry VIII of England, 38, 39
Herbert, Algernon, 138
hermaphroditism, 125–126, 128, 129, 130, 137
heteronormativity, 20
heterosexual/heterosexuality, 156, 165–166
coining of, 20
history
definitions, influence on, 8
of dictionaries, 14–19
headword trends over, 50, 99–103, 100, 101
periodization, 18
of sexuality, 8–9, 13, 18
Hitchen, Charles, 105, 106
Hogarth, Richard, Gazophylacium Anglicanum, 14, 60, 65
Holthouse, Henry James, A New Law Dictionary, 53
Holyoke, Francis, Dictionarium, 89
homosexual (adj.), 158, 162, 182
coining of, 156
earliest usage, 168, 184, 185
homogenic, as substitute for, 170–171
homosexuality
coining of, 13
definitions, 159, 164–165
earliest usage of, 185, 187
See men-desiring men; sex between men; sex between women; women-desiring women.
Hooper, Robert
A Compendious Medical Dictionary, 127, 132, 143
Lexicon Physico-Medicum, 133, 143
Hornscheidt, Antje, 25, 59
Hotten, John Camden, 148
A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words, 112, 113–114
Humphreys, Jennett, 153
Hunter, Robert, An Encyclopædic Dictionary, 49, 103
Hurst, Isobel, 80
Huxley, Aldous, 189, 190
Hyacinthus (mythological figure), 72, 73
Hylas (mythological figure), 72, 74
Ianthe (mythological figure), 76
identities
English, 56, 104
national, 56–58, 64–66, 104, 178
performative, 21–22
Iedema, Rick, 144
ignorance, 23–24
orchestration of, 84–85
regulation of, 82–83
wilful, 111
will to, 173
illness. See disease.
impartiality, 3, 149, 160, 182
in corpus-based lexicography, 19, 20
impossibility of, 180
Imperalist, The (journal), 147
incest, 38, 51, 72, 98
incoherencies, 54
indecency, 147
corrupting power ascribed to, 98
Latin language, concealed by, 32, 158
social class and, 151–152
Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General’s Office, 155
injury, by words, 98
intercourse (general), 50
intercourse, sexual, 182
cross-sex, 42, 126
health and, 92, 119
non-procreative, 166
roles in, 68
definitions, 42, 52, 129, 151
procreative, 43
same-sex, 43
cross-sex, interpreted through, 44, 67
definitions and, 53, 136
laws, relation to, 33–38
pathologization of, 121, 122, 123
terms for
bagpiping, 111
coition, 42, 43
couple (verb), 42, 43
fornication, 37, 38, 96
fuck, 44, 102
huffle, 111
larking, 111
occupying, 44
pedicate, 63, 88, 150
subagitation, 44, 88
swive, 44, 102
venery, 42
See buggery; copulation; sodomy.
interdatings, 186, 190, 192
intermediate sex, 171–172
International Scientific Vocabulary, 135
intersex (same-sex attracted), 171–172, 186, 187
intersexualism, 171
intertextuality, 25–26, 31
inversion (general), 159
inversion, sexual, 156, 158–159, 162, 164, 168
inverts, 162, 164
Iphis (mythological figure), 76
Irvine, Judith T., 56, 67
Italian language, 45, 60–61, 65
Italy, associated with same-sex sexuality, 61, 62, 111
Jacob, Giles
A New Law-Dictionary, 39
Tractatus de Hermaphroditis, 61
Jagose, Annamarie, 22
James, Robert, A Medicinal Dictionary, 119–120, 127, 131–132, 141, 143
Jodrell, Richard Paul, Philology on the English Language, 69, 70
Johnson, Mary, The Young Woman’s Companion, 117
Johnson, Samuel, 15–16, 26, 119
A Dictionary of the English Language, 33, 54
authorities, use of, 87
buggery/sodomy, omission of, 49
completeness of, 102
cost of, 142
criticism of, 93
descriptivism in, 15–16
‘improper’ terms in, 84, 96
Jonson, quotations from, 92
leman, definition, 65
love, definition, 74
on national identity, 57–58
omissions/exclusions, 96–98
Sappho, quotations from, 92, 93
on sex between women, 92–94
virago, definition, 93
on women, 93
The Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets, 97–98
A Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language, 15
sexuality, attitudes to, 96–97
Jolly, Sarah
A Vocabulary of Egyptian, Grecian, and Other Mythologies, 79, 80
Jones, Stephen, 98
Jonson, Ben
‘An Epigram on the Court Pucell’, 92
The Forrest, 92
‘Præludium’, 90, 92
Volpone, 90
Journal of Mental Science, 158
Journal of the History of Sexuality, 4
Joyce, James, 190
Jupiter (mythological figure), 75
Juvenal, Satires, 93, 121
K., J. See Kersey, John.
Katz, Jonathan, 166
Kay, Christian, et al., Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary, 25
Kendrick, James, The Edinburgh Medical and Physical Dictionary, 130, 141, 143
Kennedy, Adelaide Mary, Lady John, 2, 3
Kennett, White, The Interpreter, 39
Kenrick, William, 65
Love in the Suds, 97, 98
A New Dictionary of the English Language, 98
Kent, George, Modern Flash Dictionary, 112, 113
Kersey, John (‘J. K.’)
Dictionarium Anglo-Britannicum, 41, 42, 63, 65, 122
New English Dictionary, A, 15, 36, 40, 41
New World of Words, The, 37
bardash, definition, 65
buggery, definition, 53
copulation, definition, 42
couple, definition, 42
medical terms in, 42, 122, 123, 126
on mythological figures, 73
pederasty, definition, 63
sodomy, definition, 36, 41
Kertbeny, Karl-Maria, 156
Keynes, John Maynard, 192
knowledge
assumptions of, 24
carnal, 52
gender and, 84–87
vs. ignorance, 23–24
presumptive, 43
prohibited, 43
vs. respectability, 85
Knowles, James, A Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary of the English Language, 50, 51
Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, Psychopathia Sexualis, 156, 158, 168, 184, 185, 187
Krapp, George Philip, 177
Kraus, Ludwig August, Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon, 136
Kress, Gunther, 67
Kristeva, Julia, 26
Kulick, Don, 11, 38
Ladies Dictionary, The (N. H.), 78, 85
Ladvocat, Jean-Baptiste, An Historical and Biographical Dictionary, 79
Lancet, The, 155, 189, 192
language
vs. act, 56, 61
everyday, 166–167
minority group, 180–181
national character and, 56–58
in use, 194
vernacularization, 117
See cant; slang.
Lanser, Susan S., 12, 108
Laqueur, Thomas, 119
Latham, Robert Gordon, 69
Latin language, 46
bilingual dictionaries, 87
education in, 79–80
indecency, concealed by, 32, 158
inexplicit, 42
knowledge of, 78
respectability of, 123
sex between women, terms for, 88–91
laws
dictionaries and, 53–55
divine/natural, 33, 36–37
libel, 99
on obscenity, 147
on same-sex intercourse, 33–38, 52–53
See legislation.
Le Clerc, Daniel, Histoire de la médecine, 120
Leap, William, 197
Lees, Edith (later Ellis), 167–168
legal dictionaries, 39, 53
legislation
Buggery Act 1533, 13, 30, 31, 38–39
Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, 147, 148
Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013, 1
Obscene Publications Act 1857, 147
Offences Against the Person Act 1828, 52
Offences Against the Person Act 1861, 52, 147
Slander of Women Act 1891, 2
Leigh, Edward, A Philologicall Commentary, 30, 32, 39
lemans (sexual partners), 65, 66, 66
Lemprière, John, Bibliotheca Classica, 77, 78, 79, 80–81
lesbian/lesbianism, 94, 115
Catholic associations, 95–96
definitions, 170, 182
cant dictionaries, 107–110
medical dictionaries, 128–135, 138, 155
non-sexual, 2, 3, 150
earliest usage of, 184
exclusions/omissions, 75, 78–79, 81, 89, 90–91, 161
foreign associations, 90, 95, 155
quotations, 186–194, 188
See Sapphism; sex between women; women-desiring women.
lexicography
cant, 104–112
male sociality, site of, 109
men-desiring men in, 106–107
sex between women and, 107–110
as warning, 104
classical, 77, 78–79
corpus-based, 178–180
critical, 25
crowdsourced, 182–184
depersonalization of, 177–178
feminist, 10–11
foreign-language, 87–90
law and, 53–55
and national identity, 57
normativity of, 20
queer linguistics and, 11–12
scholarship on, 25–26
scientific, 17, 18, 145–149, 161
of sex and sexuality, scholarship on, 10–13
slang, 11, 111–116
social context for, 26
Lexicon Balatronicum, 112, 113
LGBTQ rights movement, 181
libel law, 99
libel trials, 23, 148, 154, 161
linguistics, queer, 11–12, 197
Lister, Anne, 74, 78
on the clitoris, 133–134
diaries, 47
dictionaries, reading of, 46, 78, 94
Sapphic, awareness of term, 94
Little Review (magazine), 189
Littleton, Adam, 46
Livia, Anna, 197
Lloyd, William, Alphabetical Dictionary, 40, 42
Lo Vecchio, Nicholas, 185, 197
loanwords, 57, 136, 182
Lochrie, Karma, 22, 23
Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 4
love
definitions, 74–75
between men, in classical mythology, 71–75
objectification and, 72
pederasty and, 72–74
romantic, 170
Macaulay, Alexander, A Dictionary of Medicine, 141, 143
MacKinnon, Catharine A., 44
MacLane, Mary, 170, 189, 190
madge culls, 106, 107, 112
madge-coves, 112, 113
Magnani, Roberta, 18
Magnes (mythological figure), 72, 74
Mahupuku, Maata, 195
Maling, Arthur, 150, 151
malthacos, 119–121, 134
Manley, Thomas, The Interpreter, 39
Mansfield, Katherine, 170, 189, 195
‘The Modern Soul’, 170
Marchant, John, A New Complete English Dictionary, 50, 62, 98
Marcus, Sharon, 167
marginalization, 69–71
vs. centre, 67, 83
ignorance/knowledge and, 81
of words, 58
Marmion, Shackerley, A Fine Companion, 90
marriage
bigamy, 51, 88
curative properties of, 122
definitions, 1–2, 182
polygamy, 38, 88
sexuality, regulated through, 37
Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013, 1
Martial, Epigrams, 94, 137
Martin, Benjamin, Lingua Britannica Reformata, 40, 41, 42, 63, 65, 126
mascula, 137, 143
masculinity, 93, 107–108
Masten, Jeffrey, 10, 12
masturbation, 130, 133, 136
definitions, 38, 88
materiality, of dictionaries, 141–144
Maunder, Samuel, Maunder’s Treasury of Knowledge, 50, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80
Maurer, David W., 180, 181
Mayne, Robert Gray
Expository Lexicon, An, 139, 143, 144
Medical Vocabulary, A, 141, 143
Mayne, Xavier (Edward Prime-Stevenson), 171–172
Imre: A Memorandum, 171, 186, 187
The Intersexes, 171, 172, 186, 187, 192
McConchie, Roderick, 25, 142
McConnell-Ginet, Sally, 174, 183
McEnery, Tony, 67
McIntosh, Mary, 107
meaning, 166
construction of, 180
dynamic, 19
instability of, 54, 174
MED (Middle English Dictionary), 184
medical dictionaries, 117–144
classical vocabulary of, 135–140
materiality of, 141–144
for popular use, 141
psychological, 157
on sex between women, 128–135, 155
sexological terms in, 159
size of, 143
medical professionals, 117–118
as dictionary-users, 141
as lexicographers, 118
medicine, forensic, 139–140
men
as assumed agents, 45
boys, 63, 64, 66
prostitutes, 68
See sex between men.
Ménage, Gilles, Les origines de la langue françoise, 60, 62
men-desiring men, 97
communities, 105, 114
effeminacy, associated with, 107, 114
everyday language, use of, 167
terms for
back gammon player, 106, 113
bardash, 65, 66, 66, 69, 150
bud sallogh, 106, 107, 110, 112
bugger (noun), 151–152
cant/slang, 105, 106–107
cinædia, 139, 150
ganymede, 64, 66, 68
gay, 181, 182
gentleman of the back door, 106
gomorrhean/gomorrhæan, 59
indorsers, 106, 112
ingles, 64–65, 66, 66, 68, 150
madge, 112
madge culls, 106, 107, 112
madge-coves, 112, 113
mollies, 106, 107, 112
mollycoddle, 114
pygists, 67, 88, 150
sodomites, 36, 41, 106
See catamites.
Merriam-Webster citation file, 179
methodology, 24–27
Micklethwait, David, 51
Middle English Dictionary (MED), 184
midwifery/midwives, 117, 141
Milton, John, Paradise Lost, 49
minoritization, 13, 18, 140
multiple, 195
minority groups
language of, 180–181
race and, 195
Minsheu, John, 64–65
mistakes, 24
Mitchell, Linda C., 8
Moll, Albert, The Sexual Life of the Child, 164
mollies, 106, 107, 112, 114
molly houses, 105–106
mollycoddle, 114
Moon, Rosamund, 19, 32
morality
ambivalent, 73
judgements of, in definitions, 23
Moréri, Louis, The Great Historical, Geographical and Poetical Dictionary, 77, 78
Morning Post, The (newspaper), 95
Morris, Robert, The Edinburgh Medical and Physical Dictionary, 130, 141, 143
Motherby, George, A New Medical Dictionary, 118, 132, 133, 143
Mozley, Herbert Newman, A Concise Law Dictionary, 53
Mugglestone, Lynda, 10, 147, 166
on dictionary authority, 54
on Latin use, 32
on national identity, 58
on normativity, 59
on OED selectivity, 146
multivocality, 178
Mundus Muliebris: or, the Ladies Dressing-Room Unlock’d (glossary), 15
Muñoz, José Esteban, 195, 196
Murray, Elsie, 146
Murray, James Augustus Henry, 146, 148, 152, 156
definitions, editing of, 150
on inclusion, 149
on philology, 157
scientific lexicography and, 17, 145
on usage, 168
Murray, Rosfrith, 146
mythology, 71–76, 80
narrative, as scientific evidence, 157, 167–168
nationality, 56–58, 64–66, 87, 178
naturalness, 33, 35, 36–37, 168, 169
neologisms, 170–173
neutrality, 3, 149, 160, 182
in corpus-based lexicography, 180
impossibility of, 19, 20
New Canting Dictionary, A, 104, 108
New Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and Modern of the Canting Crew, A (B. E.), 15, 105, 108
New English Dictionary, A (1759), 50
New Freewoman, The (journal), 173
new philology, 145
New Standard Dictionary (1913), 160
New Sydenham Society’s Lexicon of Medicine, The (NSSL), 138, 139, 143, 144, 159
Newbery, John, A Pocket Dictionary, 36, 42, 73, 98
non-normativity, 22
normalization, 168–170
normativity, 52
of descriptivism, 19
lexicography and, 20
performativity and, 20–24
proscription and, 44
norms
authorization of, 166
construction and enforcement of, 22, 59
definitions, established by, 23–24
dictionaries, reinforced by, 26
historicity of, 22–23
performance as citation of, 21–22
permeability of, 166
rejection of, 54
subversion of, 22
of use, 19
Nossem, Eva, 12
NSSL (The New Sydenham Society’s Lexicon of Medicine), 138, 139, 143, 144, 159
nuns, 95–96, 127, 128
nymphotomy, 126–127
Nysten, Pierre-Hubert, 134
O’Loughlin, John Leslie Noble, 162, 163, 172
objectification, 129
love and, 72
of women, 44, 109
by women, 89
objectivity, 3, 149, 160
in corpus-based lexicography, 180
impossibility of, 19, 20
Obscene Publications Act 1857, 147
obscenity
corrupting power ascribed to, 98–99
laws of, 147
social class and, 151–152
obscurantism, 32–33, 69, 111, 112
in the OED, 150
and sexology, 158
OED. See Oxford English Dictionary.
Offences Against the Person Act 1828, 52
Offences Against the Person Act 1861, 52, 147
Ogilvie, John, 54
Imperial Dictionary, The, 50, 51, 52, 103, 150
Ogilvie, Sarah, The Cambridge Companion to English Dictionaries, 19
Old England (periodical), 103
Old Maid, The (periodical), 85
omissions/exclusions, 39, 75, 103, 182
authorities, definitional, 153–154, 154
buggery, 48–50, 53
confricatrices, 103, 150
dictionary size and, 142
of explicit definitions, 149–150
historical trends in, 99–103, 100, 101
Johnson and, 96–98
lesbian/lesbianism, 75, 78–79, 81, 89, 90–91, 161
obscenity, statements of, 98
propriety and, 84–87, 142
queer authors, quotations from, 170, 171, 172, 175
Sapphic/Sapphism, 94–96
sex between men, 135
sex between women, 75, 78–79, 89
in slang dictionaries, 113
sodomy, 48, 53
tribades, 103
onanism, 38, 97, 130
Onions, Charles Talbut, 17, 145, 160, 161–162, 177
oral sex, 111, 115
orgasm, 134
Orger, Thomas, 76
Osselton, Noel E., 9, 14
othering
temporospatial, 90
of words, 58, 61
Ovid
Heroides, 77
Metamorphoses, 76
Oxford English Corpus, 179
Oxford English Dictionary (OED), 145–175, 151
2nd edition (OED2), 179
3rd edition (OED3), 184, 185–194, 187, 188, 190, 192
archives, 145, 148
compilation, 145–146
quotatation slips, 152–153, 154, 165, 169, 172
criticism of, 146
descriptivism vs. prescriptivism in, 20
first publication, 17–18
‘General Explanations’, 149
influence of, 176–177
lesbian, definitions, 2
marriage, definitions, 1–2, 3
multivocality of, 178
obscurantism, 150
reviews of, 4
same-sex headwords, 149–156
censorship of authorities for, 153–154, 154
exclusions/omissions, 149–150
scientific principles of, 145–149
sexual terms in, 146–147
volunteer readers, 145, 152–153, 165
Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Supplement
first (1933), 18, 145, 146, 160–175
queer authorities in, 168–170
sexological influence on, 160–166
second (1972–86), 179, 184, 185
pæderastia, 139, 155
paratextuality, 25
Pardon, William, A New General English Dictionary, 37, 40, 42, 46, 72
Park, Fanny (Frederick), 114
Park, Katharine, 119
Parker, George
Life’s Painter of Variegated Characters in Public and Private Life, 106
View of Society and Manners in High and Low Life, A, 106
Parr, Bartholomew, The London Medical Dictionary, 133, 141, 143
Parsons, James, A Mechanical and Critical Enquiry into the Nature of Hermaphrodites, 129–130
partners, sexual
definitions, 70
headwords, 66
penetrative, 67
receptive, 64–66, 67
passivity/passivization
sexual
hierarchies of, 76
of men, 68–69
of women, 76
syntactic, 68–69
pathic(k)s (sexual partners), 64, 66, 68–69
definitions, 70, 100, 139
pathologization
rejection of, 169
of same-sex desire, 156–157, 164
of same-sex intercourse, 121, 122, 123
Pavia, Isodore Leo, 167
Payne, John, The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night, 154
Pearson, Karl, The Ethic of Freethought, 159
Peckham, Aaron, 183
pederasts/pederasty, 62–66, 139, 155
classical mythology and, 71–75
definitions, 63–64, 67, 100, 136
desexualization, 73
foreignness, 69–71
love and, 72–74
Peirce, Charles Sanders, 56
penetration, 52, 67, 107
anal, pathology of, 139
intercourse, defined by, 129
penises
clitoris as homologue of, 124
hypospadian, 123
Perfect Diurnall, The (periodical), 123
performativity, 54
in definitions, 74
normativity and, 20–24
periphery
vs. centre, 58, 67, 71, 83
ignorance/knowledge and, 81
words and, 58
of slang, 113
Perry, William, 98
perversion
reverse definition of, 173–174
sexual, 157, 158, 159
Peterson, David, 167, 197
phallogocentrism, 129
phalluses, 123, 124, 129, 200 See dildos.
Philips, Ambrose, 92
Phillips, Edward
New World of English Words, The (1658)
copulation, definition, 42
inclusion in, 14
leman, etmology, 65
on mythological figures, 72, 74, 75, 76
on national identity, 56, 57
pederasty, definition, 63
sodomy, definition, 42, 60
subagitation, definition, 44
New World of Words, The (1706), 37
bardash, definition, 65
buggery, definition, 53
copulation, definition, 42
couple, definition, 42
medical terms in, 42, 122, 123, 126
on mythological figures, 73
pederasty, definition, 63
sodomy, definition, 36, 41
Philological Society, 149
Proposal for the Publication of a New English Dictionary, 17
philology, 16–17
new, 145, 157
Physical Dictionary, A (1657), 117
physicians, 117
Pierer, Johann Friedrich, Medizinisches Realwörterbuch, 136, 137
Pilkington, Mary, Memoirs of Celebrated Female Characters, 82
Piozzi, Hester Lynch (formerly Thrale), 78, 95, 97, 103
British Synonymy, 61, 95
Plain Reasons for the Growth of Sodomy, in England (tract), 62, 95
Plato, Symposium, 94, 172
pleasure, sexual, 125, 126
politeness, 97, 103, 104, 107
polygamy, 38, 88
Ponsonby, Sarah, 95, 109
Poovey, Mary, 76, 85
Porter, Noah, Webster’s International Dictionary of the English Language, 150
Potter, Humphry Tristram, A New Dictionary of All the Cant and Flash Languages, 104, 112, 113
Power, Henry, 138
prescriptivism, 14, 15, 17, 19–20
Primrose, Archibald, 5th Earl of Rosebery, 5
printers, 115, 147
prisons, 108
propriety
censorship and, 84–87
definitions and, 87
nationality and, 87
omissions/exclusions and, 142
Prosodia Chirurgica, 143
prostitution, 68, 108
prudery, 80, 84
punishment
for adultery, 37
for buggery, 31, 52–53, 147
for fornication, 37
for sex between women, 132
for sodomy, 37, 52
Queensberry, John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of, 5–8, 6, 7
queer (adj.), 4–8, 194
homosexuality, related to, 4–8, 6, 7
queer linguistics, 11–12, 197
Queer Undefined (online dictionary), 183, 184
Quincy, John, Lexicon Physico-Medicum, 143
on clitoral hypertrophy, 125, 127–128
confricatrices, definition, 128–129, 144
readership, 118
revisions, 133, 144
as source, 91, 92
quotations, 98, 145, 152, 176–177
banks, 184
biblical, 31
classical, 69–71
in corpus-based lexicography, 179
from Havelock Ellis, 164
for intersex, 172
Johnson’s use of, 92, 93
medical sources, 163
omission of, 153–154
from same-sex-desiring men/women, 185
for Sapphism/Sapphic, 155
scientific sources, 172
from sexology, 159
from Symonds, 168–169
by women, 170, 186–194, 188
xenophobic choice of, 69–71
race, 195
racism, 127–128
Rastell, John
Exposiciones terminorum legum anglorum, 14
Les Termes de la Ley, 39
Rastell, William, La nouel natura breuium, 31
Rawson, Henry Gilbert, The Students’ Pocket Law-Lexicon, 53
Rayne, Margaret, 123, 125
Read, Allen Walker, 10, 54, 146, 155
readers/readership, 115
agency of, 54
censorship, 80–81
children and young people, 79–80
of classical dictionaries, 78–79
dictionaries, (im)proper use of, 84
elite men, 78
ideal, construction of, 59
of medical dictionaries, 118, 141
women, 78–80, 90–91
receptivity, sexual, 64–66, 67, 139
recursivity
dyadic, 68, 72, 76
fractal, 67–69
register, 43
religion, 54
Bible, 13, 31, 38, 41, 59–60
Catholicism, 61, 95–96
convents/nuns, 95–96, 127, 128
sin, 13, 34–36, 53
reticence, 24, 38, 42, 49, 102, 113
rhematization, 56, 61
Richardson, Charles, A New Dictionary of the English Language, 16, 70
Rider, William, A New Universal English Dictionary, 65, 69, 102
Riolan, Jean, A Sure Guide, 90, 125, 126
Rochester, John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of, 97–98
Rodgers, Bruce, The Queens’ Vernacular, 181
Romano, Silvia, 197
Rome, ancient, 69
Rosebery, Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of, 5
Ross, Alan S. C., 10
Royal College of Physicians, 117
rubbers/rubsters, 90, 103
Russell, Lindsay Rose, 27
Sackville-West, Vita, 189, 190, 192, 194
Sacramento Bee (newspaper), 4, 5
same-sex desire
classification, refusal of, 173
curability of, 165
everyday language and, 166–167
foreignness of, 164
innate vs. acquired, 163–165
naturalness of, 168, 169
neologisms for, 170–173
pathologization of, 156–157, 164
as predispositon, 156
sexological definitions, 161–163
taxonomy, reversal of, 173–174
terms for
similisexual(ism), 171
Uranian/uranism, 156, 159, 160, 173, 186, 187
Sandys, George, 76
Sapphic/Sapphism
exclusion/omission of, 94–96, 103
inclusion of, 138–139, 143, 151
quotations for, 155, 170, 188, 192
Sapphick Epistle, A (poem), 109
Sappho, 75, 76–83, 137, 138
English translations, 92
quotation of, 92
Satan’s Harvest Home (tract), 109
schemas, bodily, 119
schools, 71
dictionaries for, 79–80
for girls, 108, 114
Schuria, Henrica, 131–132
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, 24, 165, 195
on historiography, 8, 18
on universalization/minoritization, 13, 21
Sedgwick, Leonard W., 138
selectivity, 11, 84, 176, 178
Seward, Anna, 93
sex between men
buggery as, 38–40
forensic medicine and, 138–139
in slang dictionaries, 112–113, 113, 115
sodomy as, 40–41
terms for
androcoetesis, 134
andrumesis, 134–135
duncarring, 105
exclusion/omission, 135
malthacos, 119–121, 134
sex between women, 75–83, 88–91, 125–126
buggery as, 39
cant/slang terms for, 107–110, 113
Catholic associations, 95–96
clitoris, supposed effect on, 127–128
criminalization, attempted, 148
definitions, omitted in, 53
dismissal of, 39
exclusion/omission of terms for, 78–79, 109, 110, 132, 135, 144
as expedient, 130
foreign associations, 155
forensic medicine and, 136–138
ghostly/spectral, 91, 96
inclusion of headwords for, 128–129, 131–133, 136–138
and dictionary size, 143
Latin-English terms for, 88–91
macro-clitorises, supposed role in, 129–130
masculinity, associated with, 107–108
medical vs. behavioural models for, 130, 133
punishments for, 132
reciprocity of, 129
as sin, 103
terms for
case, 114
flats, 109, 110
slang, 89
tribadism, 129–130, 131–132, 154, 154–155
sex work, 68, 108
sexology, 18, 156–166
definitions, 159
forensic medicine, influenced by, 140
in general usage, 160–161
in medical dictionaries, 159
in the first OED Supplement, 160–166
same-sex-desiring men/women, use of terms by, 167, 173
taxonomy
access to, 195
refusal of, 173
reversal of, 173–174
sexual intercourse. See intercourse, sexual.
sexual inversion. See inversion, sexual.
sexual partners. See partners, sexual.
sexual violence, 72, 95
rape, 39, 49, 75
sexuality
awareness-raising, through proscription, 38
bisexuality, 157, 166, 183
definitions, 9
erasure of, 81
histories of, 8–9, 13, 18
as innate, 13
minoritization, 13, 18, 140, 195
nationality and, 57, 61
procreative, 37
psychological, 140
public discussion of, 147–148
universalization, 13, 18, 140, 170
women’s knowledge of, 85
See men-desiring men; sex between men; sex between women; women-desiring women.
Sharp, Jane, The Midwives Book, 126
Shaw, George Bernard, 165
Sheridan, Thomas, 98
silence, 24, 42–44
Simes, Gary, 11
similisexual(ism), 171
Simpson, James Young, 137
Simpson, John A., 156, 179
sin
buggery as, 53
crime vs., 13, 35–36
sodomy as, 34–36, 35
Sinibaldi, Giovanni, Rare Verities, 90
Skeat, Walter William, 96
Skinner, Stephen, 60, 65
Slander of Women Act 1891, 2
slang
dictionaries, 111–116, 181
sex between women, terms for, 89
Slominski, Ladislaus, 189, 190
slurs, 10, 109, 180, 181
Smith, Alexander
A Compleat History of the Lives and Robberies of the Most Notorious Highway-Men, 105, 106
The Thieves New Canting Dictionary, 106
Smith, Philip, 81
Smith, William
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 81
New Classical Dictionary of Biography, Mythology, and Geography, 81–82
social categories, 22
definitions, established by, 23, 24
performative, 21
social class/status, 151–152, 194
elite, 43, 78
sodomy
crime, 139
definitions, 23, 33–34
buggery, relationship with, 38–41
in cant lexicography, 105, 110
circular, 42
desexualized, 50
exclusion/omission, 48, 53
historical trends in, 33, 40–41, 49–50, 50
inclusion of, 71, 100, 103, 151, 155
legal discourse in, 34–35, 35
punishments, lack of reference to, 53
quotations for, 153
sexualized, 53
as sin, 50
in slang dictionaries, 114
in statutes, 52
as unnatural, 50
etymologies, 59
laws on, 51, 52–53
medical diagnosis of, 139
pederasty, relationship with, 63–64
punishments for, 37, 52
Sorensen, Janet, 109
Spanish language, 64
Spectator, The (journal), 93
spectres, 96
speech communities, 178
Stamper, Kory, 180
Stocker, Charles William, 153
Stopes, Marie Carmichael, 161
Sex and the Young, 161
Strainchamps, Ethel, 10, 45
Student’s Law-Dictionary, The, 39
subigatrices/subigatores, 136–137, 143
subjectivity
performative, 21, 22
sexual, 129
women’s, 45, 46
subscriptions, to dictionaries, 78
Supplement to Mr. Chambers’s Cyclopædia, A, 130
supplements, 73, 113 See Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Supplements.
suppression, 24, 32
surgeons, 117
Sweet, Charles, A Dictionary of English Law, 53
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, Poems and Ballads, 113, 148
Sydenham, Floyer, The Banquet, 94
Symonds, John Addington, 158, 187
Life of Michelangelo, The, 172
Many Moods, 172
Problem in Greek Ethics, A, 172–173, 174, 186, 187
Problem in Modern Ethics, A, 168–169, 169, 174, 184, 185
Syrett, Netta, 80
Taylor, Talbot J., 19, 20, 22
Tertullian, 137
Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, 36
Thomas Poulter and Sons (printers), 115
Thomas, Donald, 142
Thomas, Thomas, Dictionarium linguæ Latinæ et Anglicanæ, 88, 89
Thompson, Edith, 153
Thompson, Francis, 173
Thrale, Hester Lynch. See Piozzi, Hester Lynch (formerly Thrale).
Tissot, Samuel Auguste, 130
Toast, The (poem), 94, 184
tommies, 109
Tooke, John Horne, 16
Tractatus de Hermaphroditis, 61
transvestism, 114, 141
Traub, Valerie, 12, 46, 197
cycles of salience, concept of, 140
on norms, 22
on periodization, 18
on presumptive knowledge, 43
on sex between women, 92, 109, 130
on sexual agency, 45
Trench, Richard Chenevix, 17, 71, 149, 153
On Some Deficiencies in Our English Dictionaries, 178
trials, 74
authorities and quotations from, 154–155
language use in, 45
libel, 23, 148, 154, 161
tribades, 121
awareness of term, 94
definitions, 23, 88–91, 92, 120
in medical dictionaries, 131–132, 136–138, 143
exclusions/omissions, 103
tribadism, 129–130, 131–132, 154, 154–155
Trumbach, Randolph, 63
truth value, lack of, 19, 21
Tuke, Daniel Hack, 158
Dictionary of Psychological Medicine, A, 157, 158
Tulp, Nicolaes, 131, 132
Turton, William, A Medical Glossary, 134–135, 143
Tyrkkö, Jukka, 25
Ullmann, Sharon R., 4
Ulrichs, Karl Heinrich, 156
unchastity, 93, 96
Universal Dictionary of the English Language, An (1763), 102
universalization, 13, 18, 140, 170
Uranian/uranism, 156, 159, 160, 173, 186, 187
Urban Dictionary (online dictionary), 183–184
urning/Urning (same-sex attracted person), 156, 159, 160
use
language in, 194
of medical dictionaries, 141
norms of, 19
queer, 47, 116, 141
selection through, 178
subversive, 45–48
usership, 32
Van Diemerbroeck, Isbrand, 90
The Anatomy of Human Bodies, 128
vernacularization, 117
violence
physical, 70
sexual, 39, 49, 72, 75, 95
virginity, 92
Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca (dictionary), 15
vocabulary
classical, 135–140
of dictionaries, 14
scientific, 135
vulvas, 126
labia minora (nymphae), 126
surgical mutilation of, 126–127
Walker, Alexander, 138
Walker, John, A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary, 98
Wallfield, Joseph, 64
Wallis, George, 133, 143
Walpole, Hugh, 190
Warner, Michael, 20
Watt, Diane, 18
Webster, Noah
An American Dictionary of the English Language, 16, 50–51, 100
influence of, 100, 150
A Dictionary of the English Language, 16
Webster’s International Dictionary of the English Language, 150
Webster’s New International Dictionary, 177
Weeks, Jeffrey, 13
Weiner, Edmund S. C., 179
Wesley, John, 71
Complete English Dictionary, The, 40, 71
Westminster Magazine, 109
Westphal, Carl, 156
Wharton, John Jane Smith, The Law Lexicon, 53, 139
Whibley, Charles, 104, 146
Whishaw, James, A New Law Dictionary, 53
Whiteley, George Crispe, A Concise Law Dictionary, 53
Whitney, William Dwight, The Century Dictionary, 176
Wiktionary (online dictionary), 182
Wilkins, John, An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language, 37, 40, 42
Williams, Gordon, A Dictionary of Sexual Language and Imagery in Shakespearean and Stuart Literature, 105, 111
Williams, Raymond, 177, 185
Wilmot, John, 2nd Earl of Rochester, 97–98
Wilson, Thomas, A Christian Dictionarie, 14
windward passage, 106, 112
Wittig, Monique, Lesbian Peoples, 10, 75
Witz, Anne, 141
women
agency, sexual, 45–48, 76, 89, 134, 137
classical culture, knowledge of, 77–78
dictionaries for, 14, 32, 34, 46–48, 84
female husbands, 107
girls, 63, 64, 79–80, 108, 114
glossaries for, 15
knowledge, regulation of, 84–85
‘lewd’, 108
lexicographers, 82–83
macroclitorideus, 130
medical professionals, 117
medical texts, produced by, 117
objectification of, 44, 109
OED, work on the, 146
prostitutes, 68, 108
subjectivity, 45, 46
terms for
flat cocks, 109, 110
viragos, 108
woman, 93
unfeminine, 93, 107–108
See sex between women.
women-desiring women
everyday language, use of, 167
exclusion/omission of terms for, 89, 92, 102–103, 110, 144
in slang dictionaries, 114–115
terms for
etæristria, 138, 143
fricatrices, 88–91, 103, 115, 150
fututor/fututrix, 136–137, 143
mascula, 137, 143
rubbers/rubsters, 90, 103
subigatrices/subigatores, 136–137, 143
tommies, 109
See confricatrices.
Woolf, Virginia, 188–189, 190, 192, 194
Wyld, Henry Cecil, The Universal Dictionary of the English Language, 176
xenophobia, 69–71, 127–128
young people. See children and young people.
Zeig, Sande, Lesbian Peoples, 10, 75

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  • Index
  • Stephen Turton, University of Oxford
  • Book: Before the Word Was Queer
  • Online publication: 14 March 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009006804.011
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  • Index
  • Stephen Turton, University of Oxford
  • Book: Before the Word Was Queer
  • Online publication: 14 March 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009006804.011
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  • Index
  • Stephen Turton, University of Oxford
  • Book: Before the Word Was Queer
  • Online publication: 14 March 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009006804.011
Available formats
×