Abbreviations

AI

artificial intelligence

API

application programming interface

AR

augmented reality

ASR

automatic speech recognition

ATI

aptitude–treatment interactions

AWE

automated writing evaluation

BYOD

bring your own device

C1

first culture

C2

second culture

CAF

complexity, accuracy, and fluency

CALL

computer-assisted language learning

CAPL

computer-assisted pronunciation learning

CAT

computer-adaptive testing

CBT

computer-based testing

CD

compact disk

CF

corrective feedback

CIRM

critical Indigenous research methodologies

CLT

communicative language teaching

CMALL

computer-mediated language learning

CMC

computer-mediated communication

CMS

course management system

CoI

community of inquiry

COIL

collaborative online international learning

CSCL

computer-supported collaborative learning

DDL

data-driven learning

DGBLL

digital game-based language learning

DVD

digital versatile disc

EAP

English for academic purposes

EFL

English as a foreign language

ELF

English as a lingua franca

ELLLO

English Listening Lesson Library Online

ELT

English language teaching

EMA

electromagnetic articulography

ERT

emergency remote teaching

ESL

English as a second language

EVALUATE

Evaluating and upscaling telecollaborative teacher education

EVOLVE

Evidence-validated online learning through virtual exchange

F1

first formant

F2

second formant

F2F/FTF

face-to-face

FL

foreign language

FLA

foreign language anxiety

FonF

focus on form

GCT

guessing from context test

GOP

goodness of pronunciation

HiVR

high-immersive VR

HMD

head-mounted display

ICALL

intelligent computer-assisted language learning

ICT

information and communication technology

IELTS

International English Language Testing System

IoT

internet of things

IPA

intelligent personal assistant

IPA

International Phonetic Alphabet

L1

first language

L2

second language

LL

language laboratory

LMOOC

language massive online open course

LMS

learning management system

LRE

language-related episodes

LSP

language for specific purposes

MALL

mobile-assisted language learning

MLE

mediated learning experience

MMOG

massively multiplayer online game

MMORPG

massively multiplayer online role-playing game

MO

magneto-optical drive

MOOC

massive online open course

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

MT

machine translation

NBLL

network-based language learning

NLP

natural language processing

OERs

open educational resources

OTT

over-the-top

PPP

present–practice–produce

PVST

Phrasal Vocabulary Size Test

SCT

sociocultural theory

SDT

self-determination theory

SLA

second language acquisition

SLD

second language development

SMS

Short Message Service

SNS

social networking site

SSCI

Social Sciences Citation Index

TAM

technology acceptance model

TBLT

task-based language teaching

TELL

technology-enhanced language learning

TESOL

teaching English to speakers of other languages

TOEFL

Test of English as a Foreign Language

UME-ERJ

English speech database read by Japanese students

UME-JRF

Japanese speech database read by foreign students

USI

UNESCO Institute of Statistics

UTAUT

unified theory of acceptance and use of technology

VARK

visual, auditory, reading/writing, kinesthetic

VE

virtual exchange

VLE

virtual learning environment

VM

virtual mobility

VR

virtual reality

VTLN

vocal tract length normalization

VW

virtual world

WAT

Word Associates Test

WiA

Webheads in Action

WM

working memory

WMC

working memory capacity

WoS

Web of Science

XR

extended reality

ZPD

zone of proximal development