Book contents
- Meteorology and Climate of the Southern Hemisphere
- Meteorology and Climate of the Southern Hemisphere
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Dedication to Harry van Loon
- 1 General Circulation and Climate Dynamics of the Southern Hemisphere Troposphere
- 2 The Stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere
- 3 Stratosphere–Troposphere Coupling in the Southern Hemisphere
- 4 Role of the Oceans in Southern Hemisphere Climate
- 5 Meteorology and Climate of the Tropics in the Southern Hemisphere
- 6 Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere Extratropics
- 7 Meteorology and Climate of Antarctica
- 8 Meteorology and Climate of South America and Surrounding Oceans
- 9 Meteorology and Climate of the African Region South of the Equator
- 10 Meteorology and Climate of Australasia and the Pacific Islands
- 11 Interannual and Intraseasonal Variability in the Southern Hemisphere
- 12 Climate Change and Low-Frequency Climate Variability
- 13 Climate Modelling Challenges and Prospects in the Southern Hemisphere
- Glossary
- Acronyms
- Index
- References
2 - The Stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 December 2025
Book contents
- Meteorology and Climate of the Southern Hemisphere
- Meteorology and Climate of the Southern Hemisphere
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Dedication to Harry van Loon
- 1 General Circulation and Climate Dynamics of the Southern Hemisphere Troposphere
- 2 The Stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere
- 3 Stratosphere–Troposphere Coupling in the Southern Hemisphere
- 4 Role of the Oceans in Southern Hemisphere Climate
- 5 Meteorology and Climate of the Tropics in the Southern Hemisphere
- 6 Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere Extratropics
- 7 Meteorology and Climate of Antarctica
- 8 Meteorology and Climate of South America and Surrounding Oceans
- 9 Meteorology and Climate of the African Region South of the Equator
- 10 Meteorology and Climate of Australasia and the Pacific Islands
- 11 Interannual and Intraseasonal Variability in the Southern Hemisphere
- 12 Climate Change and Low-Frequency Climate Variability
- 13 Climate Modelling Challenges and Prospects in the Southern Hemisphere
- Glossary
- Acronyms
- Index
- References
Summary
The meteorology of the stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) plays a critical role in the variability of the ozone hole and also has a major influence on surface climate and weather. The predominant feature of the stratosphere is a band of strong mid- to high-latitude westerlies that surround a very cold pole and exist from autumn to spring. This ‘polar vortex’ is stronger and less variable in the SH than in the Northern Hemisphere, and the low temperatures and isolation within the vortex are key conditions necessary for rapid chemical destruction of Antarctic ozone. The largest interannual variability in the SH occurs in spring and is associated primarily with variability in the strength and timing of the seasonal breakdown of the polar vortex. Interannual variability and trends in the timing of the vortex breakdown are coupled to variability and trends in the summertime Southern Annular Mode and its associated influence on tropospheric and surface climate. A rapid warming of the polar stratosphere and weakening of the westerlies occurred in September 2002 and 2019, resulting in small ozone holes for those years. These are the only two observed occurrences of such events in the SH. In addition, observations show significant trends in vortex characteristics (colder, stronger winds, later breakup) during the 1980s and 1990s, but not since 2000. These pre-2000 trends and post-2000 pause are consistent with Antarctic ozone hole trends (growth, followed by initial signs of recovery) since the 1980s. Interactions between ozone chemistry and the stratospheric circulation, which occurs across timescales, can enhance the coupling of the stratosphere to the troposphere, with implications for both interannual and long-term changes in SH weather and climate.
Keywords
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- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Meteorology and Climate of the Southern Hemisphere , pp. 33 - 56Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2025
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