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4 - Role of the Oceans in Southern Hemisphere Climate

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 December 2025

By
Agus Santoso ,
Wenju Cai ,
Guojian Wang ,
Alex Sen Gupta ,
Regina R. Rodrigues  and
Andréa S. Taschetto
Edited by
Andréa S. Taschetto ,
Thando Ndarana  and
Tercio Ambrizzi
Andréa S. Taschetto
Affiliation:
University of New South Wales
Thando Ndarana
Affiliation:
University of Pretoria
Tercio Ambrizzi
Affiliation:
University of São Paulo
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Summary

The oceans play a fundamental role in shaping the Southern Hemisphere climate, including aspects such as why the western tropical Pacific is warmer and rainier than the eastern Pacific or why some regions in Africa, Australia, and South America often experience intense drought, heatwaves, and extreme rainfall. Eighty percent of the Southern Hemisphere is covered by oceans, encompassing the Pacific, Indian, Atlantic, and Southern Oceans in which oceanic circulations, and their interplay with the atmosphere, give rise to some of the Earth’s most powerful climate phenomena that impact regions across the Southern Hemisphere. Climate processes across these ocean sectors interact with one another through the oceans and atmosphere, adding a layer of complexity in understanding climate phenomena and in robust future projections. The oceans play a vital role in regulating the climate as the planet warms under increasing greenhouse forcing.

Keywords

ocean circulationPacific OceanIndian OceanSouth Atlantic OceanSouthern OceanEl Niño Southern OscillationIndian Ocean DipoleAMOCair-sea feedbackwestern boundary currents

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Meteorology and Climate of the Southern Hemisphere , pp. 91 - 152
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

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