Book contents
- Meteorology and Climate of the Southern Hemisphere
- Meteorology and Climate of the Southern Hemisphere
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Dedication to Harry van Loon
- 1 General Circulation and Climate Dynamics of the Southern Hemisphere Troposphere
- 2 The Stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere
- 3 Stratosphere–Troposphere Coupling in the Southern Hemisphere
- 4 Role of the Oceans in Southern Hemisphere Climate
- 5 Meteorology and Climate of the Tropics in the Southern Hemisphere
- 6 Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere Extratropics
- 7 Meteorology and Climate of Antarctica
- 8 Meteorology and Climate of South America and Surrounding Oceans
- 9 Meteorology and Climate of the African Region South of the Equator
- 10 Meteorology and Climate of Australasia and the Pacific Islands
- 11 Interannual and Intraseasonal Variability in the Southern Hemisphere
- 12 Climate Change and Low-Frequency Climate Variability
- 13 Climate Modelling Challenges and Prospects in the Southern Hemisphere
- Glossary
- Acronyms
- Index
- References
6 - Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere Extratropics
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 December 2025
Book contents
- Meteorology and Climate of the Southern Hemisphere
- Meteorology and Climate of the Southern Hemisphere
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Dedication to Harry van Loon
- 1 General Circulation and Climate Dynamics of the Southern Hemisphere Troposphere
- 2 The Stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere
- 3 Stratosphere–Troposphere Coupling in the Southern Hemisphere
- 4 Role of the Oceans in Southern Hemisphere Climate
- 5 Meteorology and Climate of the Tropics in the Southern Hemisphere
- 6 Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere Extratropics
- 7 Meteorology and Climate of Antarctica
- 8 Meteorology and Climate of South America and Surrounding Oceans
- 9 Meteorology and Climate of the African Region South of the Equator
- 10 Meteorology and Climate of Australasia and the Pacific Islands
- 11 Interannual and Intraseasonal Variability in the Southern Hemisphere
- 12 Climate Change and Low-Frequency Climate Variability
- 13 Climate Modelling Challenges and Prospects in the Southern Hemisphere
- Glossary
- Acronyms
- Index
- References
Summary
Some key innovations in recent decades have led to improvements in understanding of Southern Hemisphere meteorology. These include more satellite data streams and better integration of these streams into modern data assimilation systems. These, in turn, have led to better representation of the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere in reanalysis datasets and a narrowing of the weather forecast skill gap between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The availability of better and longer reanalysis datasets has facilitated more study of the distributions and variability of extratropical storm systems, jetstreams, and the stormtracks in the Southern Hemisphere. These studies depict the Indian Ocean sector as the main genesis region for many extratropical cyclones, with a concentrated jetstream and highly transient synoptic systems dominating variability in the synoptic timeband. The Pacific Ocean sector is strongly influenced by the splitting of the polar and subtropical jets and features more, and longer-lived, blocking events, dominating variability in the slow synoptic band (5–10 days). The dynamical understanding of these systems has also advanced with the application of Rossby wave theory and backtracking studies that reveal the role of Rossby wave breaking in many extreme events. Even local extremes can be shown to depend on large-scale wavetrains that regulate the onset and persistence of the event. Studies of Southern Hemisphere meteorology have also highlighted major uncertainties in understanding. Climatologies of Southern Hemisphere synoptic systems, including fronts, cut-off lows, and blocking, are sensitive to the choices used to define these systems. This is particularly acute in the case of blocking, where there is no complete theory that accounts for the lifecycle, distribution, and variability of blocking events, and relatively fewer studies on Southern Hemisphere blocking characteristics. Similarly, there are a range of views (reflecting underlying choices) of what the Southern Hemisphere stormtracks look like and competing theories of how those stormtracks are influenced by tropical teleconnections.
Keywords
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- Information
- Meteorology and Climate of the Southern Hemisphere , pp. 190 - 240Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2025
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