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14 - The Chew–Low–Salzman Method and Freda Friedman Salzman: A Physicist Between Nuclear and Social Interactions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 July 2025

Patrick Charbonneau
Affiliation:
Duke University, North Carolina
Margriet van der Heijden
Affiliation:
Eindhoven University of Technology
Daniela Monaldi
Affiliation:
York University, Toronto
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Summary

American physicist Freda Friedman Salzman (1927–1981) became an active feminist after her faculty position at the University of Massachusetts Boston was not renewed, under the university’s misogynistic anti-nepotism policy. Whereas her long-lasting struggle and eventual reappointment has already been expounded to some extent, her contributions to physics have not been given proper historical consideration. It is easier to learn about Friedman Salzman’s “weight of being a woman” – as she put it – than about her academic work. This chapter remedies that omission by shedding light on one of her key accomplishments. In 1956, Geoffrey Chew and Francis Low established the well-known Chew–Low model to put the understanding of nuclear interactions on a sounder theoretical basis. The model, however, leads to a daunting nonlinear integral equation. Friedman Salzman and her husband managed to solve the integral equation numerically. Stanley Mandelstam soon recognized the achievement of “Salzman and Salzman” (as he wrote) by naming their approach the “Chew–Low–Salzman method.”

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