Figures
1.2Overall frequency of alveolar variants in York by age group
1.4Frequency of alveolar variants in York by job type and age group
1.5Frequency of alveolar variants in York by grammatical category and age
1.6Frequency of alveolar variants in nouns and verbs according to preceding phonological segment
1.7Frequency of alveolar variants in nouns according to preceding phonological segment by age group
1.9Overall frequency of the variants of variable (come) in York by age and sex
1.10Overall frequency of the variants of variable (come) in York by age and education level
1.11Patterning of preterit come by grammatical person and age group
1.14Distribution of DAR variants by preceding phonological segment and age
1.15Distribution of DAR variants by grammatical category and age
2.1Wilhelm Doegen (right) recording a speaker in a German Prisoner of War camp (from The Doegen Records Web Project, http://doegen.ie/about; © Humboldt-Universität, Berlin)
2.2Vowel plots for stressed monophthongs /i ɪ e ɛ a ʌ ɔ o ʉ/ <i I e E a V O o u>, showing means of Lobanov-normalised F1 and F2 for (a) the three BL speakers recorded in 1916/17 (n = 794), and the speakers from (b) Glasgow (n = 289), (c) Maryhill (n = 239) and (d) Newarthil (n = 266)
2.3Plots of observed means of Lobanov-normalised F1 and F2 measures for stressed monophthongs /i e a ɔ o ʉ/ <i e a O o u>, showing the relative position for each speaker group for (a) BOOT(n = 1426), (b) COT (n = 1261), and (c) COAT (n = 913)
2.4LME estimates of vowel durations in milliseconds for the BL speakers for vowels in (a) nuclear syllables and (b) non-nuclear syllables
2.5Plots of mean F1 and F2 (Hz) measured at 25%, 50%, and 75% of the vowel duration for /ai/ according to SVLR short contexts (PRICE) and long contexts (PRIZE), for (a) all three speakers, (b) Glasgow, (c) Maryhill, and (d) Newarthill (n = 37)
2.6LME estimates in milliseconds for /i ʉ/ in SVLR contexts in five speaker groups, in nuclear syllables (top) and non-nuclear syllables (bottom)
2.7Mean F2 Hz values for word-initial /l/ across all phonetic contexts in the BL sample (1890s/1910s) and the male speaker groups from the SoC sample (n = 845)
3.1Newfoundland and the various communities mentioned in this chapter
3.4Palatal postvocalic /l/ by age and ethno-religious background
4.2The pronunciation of /r/ by the Diary of an Island speakers
5.3Occurrence of vernacular verbs for all informants (N = Frequency of occurrence per 1,000 words per year)
5.4North East Map indicating the locations of DECTE interviews
7.1Realisation of vowel in House(s) in SED data, from Kolb (1966: 257). Reproduced with permission from Narr Franke Attempto Verlag GmbH + Co. KG.
7.217-year-old female respondent’s completed draw-a-map task
7.4Perception of Scottish dialect areas. Permisson granted by John Wiley and Sons.
7.5Perception of English dialect areas. Permisson granted by John Wiley and Sons.
8.1The percentage of the population of three small Fenland towns born outside of the United Kingdom (in pre-2004 member states, in the new post-2004 accession states, and elsewhere) from the 2001 and 2011 census
9.1Map of Scottish-English border region, showing the four fieldwork sites
9.2VOT values (represented by probability density functions) across the four AISEB fieldwork sites, split by speaker age group
9.3Example of a Relational Analogue Scale (RAS) completed by an 18-year-old woman from Gretna
9.4Relational Analogue Scale (RAS) data for the four fieldwork sites, showing individual and mean group distances (%) between the British and national (Scottish or English) labels, split by speaker age group
11.2Location of Royston in relation to the Metropolitan Boroughs of Barnsley and Wakefield
11.3Population totals for Royston 1801 to 1911 (UK Census data)
11.4Location of The Black Country in relation to Barnsley and Royston
11.5A comment from an online article about the Royston accent
11.6Degree of diphthongisation in ERB of FACE and GOAT tokens for Royston speakers
11.7Degree of diphthongisation in ERB of FACE and GOAT tokens for Barnsley speakers
11.8Degree of diphthongisation in ERB of FACE and GOAT for Wakefield speakers
12.1Location of the Isles of Scilly relative to the south-west of England
12.2Density plot showing raw formant data for TRAP and BATH, according to education-type (horizontal axis) and gender (vertical axis)
12.3Variable importance plots predicting the relative importance of F1, F2 and duration in the TRAP/BATH split for each speaker group
15.2The four Atlantic Provinces and part of neighbouring Quebec today.
15.3Acadieman (LeBlanc 2007), Rogers TV 2007 and Productions Mudworld 2007
15.4Acadieman: Ses origines (LeBlanc 2007), Rogers TV 2009 and Productions Mudworld 2009
16.1Geographical location of Yorkshire showing historic country bounday
