Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 July 2009
Giovanni De Gamerra, playwright and librettist, wrote in his 1790 Osservazioni sullo spettacolo:
Theatrical spectacle, established on the basis of wise laws and of careful reform, can be regarded as a means always available to the sovereign power to inculcate in his subjects the most useful and important beliefs … Has our century not seen an emperor at a performance of La clemenza di Tito listening to the voices of humanity and forgiveness?
These words do not actually refer to Mozart's La clemenza di Tito, whose music would be composed the following year, but to an earlier setting of Pietro Metastasio's text. The Metastasian tradition of court performance, old-fashioned but not obsolete, presented the monarch with the ideal of a benevolent, moral ruler, which, identified with himself, he would then re-present to the audience.
De Gamerra's first libretto, amended by Metastasio, was that to Mozart's – and subsequently Johann Christian Bach's – Lucio Silla. It achieved the near-impossible task of redeeming Plutarch's tyrannical Lucius Sulla, transforming him into an agent of Stoic clemency. ‘Theatrical spectacle’ was remote both from mere entertainment and from l'art pour l'art; it was a compulsory class in a school for ruler and ruled. Culture and power were inextricably intertwined in eighteenth-century opera, in terms of commission, composition, characterisation, performance and reception. These different aspects of the ‘work’ need not always work together; claims are contested as well as reconciled in the operatic arena.
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