This chapter discusses slavery in the context of the works of Caryl Phillips, David Dabydeen and Fred D'Aguiar. It considers these writers' differing representation of Britain's involvement in the transatlantic slave trade, and studies the ways where their return to this past may illuminate current issues in Britain today. This chapter also looks at the history of racism in Britain, introduces the term ‘black British literature’, and discusses each of the authors in detail.

The term 'the left' in British politics is open to different interpretations. One of the constant features of the British far left is its oscillation between periods of unbridled enthusiasm and periods of profound pessimism, both of which may be seen in the left's analysis of the prevailing socio-economic and political climate. Since the dissolution of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) in 1991, a flourish of studies emerged to examine aspects of communist history. The trajectory of those who left the CPGB varied. Divorcing themselves from party politics, E. P. Thompson and John Saville started The New Reasoner in 1957, which alongside Stuart Hall's Universities and Left Review became the focal point of the first wave of the New Left. This chapter also presents some key concepts discussed in this book.

This chapter discusses Julio Medem's film Tierra, his budget for which was 380 million pesetas. Medem wrote the script for Tierra keeping specific Spanish starts in mind. It is a comedy of errors in which the biggest mistake is to take everything too seriously. The representation of the landscape and references to the borders that define the territory challenge the ambiguity or ‘undecidability’ of Tierra. The film begins with its title, which appears twice during the credit sequence. This allows for the film to be read as both a universal fable of existential angst, as a satirical treatise on the Basque–Spanish divide, and as a localised examination of personal and romantic tribulations. The backing of Tierra as an auteurist work prompted Medem to fabricate it as a suitably assertive illustration of the philosophical concerns that had underpinned his formation as a filmmaker.

This chapter returns to the questions with which it began, asking once again, ‘who is Marlow?’ in order to offer a final consideration of his function within Conrad's texts. Figuring Marlow in terms of the liminality that allows him to occupy an ever-shifting position within, and across, the four texts affords the possibility of approaching narrative, for which he might be said to stand, in the same way. Thus an informational sense of literature, which might attempt to somehow fix the meaning of a text, is challenged by a more dynamic sense of narrative as a continuing process of exchange.

This chapter is concerned with providing an overview of Trotskyism development, dating from the end of the Second World War to the onset of the 2009 economic crisis. The convergence of perspectives with the Socialist Party (SP) and a host of smaller revolutionary groups saw the main trends of British Trotskyism briefly unite for the first time since 1949. The SP generally eschewed realignment projects despite being formally committed to building a broad new working-class party to the left of Labour. The discipline of entry work allowed Militant activists to capture party structures and used them as leverage to open up more of the 'host' to their influence. By adapting itself with some success to the political conditions of post-war working-class politics, it built itself up as a distinctive Trotskyist brand that became something of a household name.

Carl Erdmann's attempt at definition had merely added diversity rather than clarity. The force behind Jonathan Riley-Smith's definition was religious. As Erdmann's pupil Riley-Smith remarked fifty years later, R. C. Smail brilliantly 'foresaw the direction of crusade studies for the next half-century'. The last quarter of the twentieth century was marked by a multifaceted debate on defining what a crusade actually was and, thus, the scope of the subject. Possibly the least predictable development in crusade studies in the past fifty years has been the unmistakable explosion of academic interest and scholarly achievement amongst British medievalists. The reactions to Ridley Scott's lamentable film provide just one demonstration of the unavoidable recent development: the politicisation of the crusades. The crusades were placed more firmly than ever within non-crusading contexts of religion, society and economy.

The documents in this section consist of those homiliesand homiletic fragments most closely related toWulfstan’s political writings.

This chapter looks at various aspects of inclusion and exclusion for people with disabilities in Ireland. It looks at various aspects using available data from key statistical sources and studies based on them and by focusing on education, poverty and deprivation, and social life and social participation. The impact of disability on broader aspects of participation in the life of the community is also of central relevance to its effects on social inclusion broadly conceived. Social inclusion can be seen as the focus of disability-related policies covering such areas as building standards and the built environment, transport, access to public services and access to health services and education. The chapter discusses the policy issues that arise in seeking to address poverty, notably the level and structuring of income support which plays a central role in Ireland, as in other rich countries.

The West German government advocated non-recognition of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and claimed to be the only valid and true representative of the whole of Germany. This became known as the so-called Hallstein doctrine and non-recognition became the norm in the West. In December 1960, the West German Ambassador in Dublin reported to the Foreign Office in Bonn that 'Ireland was ideologically-speaking clearly on the West's side'. The year 1964 was arguably the year when Ireland decided to become far more proactive in its trade with the East bloc, years after Western countries and neutrals had done so. Frank Ryan had been a member of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and organised volunteers to fight on the republican side during the Spanish Civil War. In 1956, the IRA launched a poorly planned offensive against the Northern Irish State with the aim of reunifying Ireland.

This documents in this section include sources andanalogues of Wulfstan’s political writings, such asother instances of his homiletic prose, examples offormal royal legislation produced under hissupervision, and texts showing his influence.

The abandonment of regional geography in the mid 20th century through pressures of globalization, urbanization and corporatization lost two generations of local knowledge and engagement. Studying place, finding the genius of loci, helping communities to articulate the uniqueness and relevance of place has been left to poets, activists and guerrilla geographers. The chapter looks at the role of guerrilla geography in the renaissance of place, community mapping and naming of place, and ultimately the protection and restoration of place through the word and illustrations of one practitioner from Canada’s rarest ecosystem—the Garry oak meadows overlooking the Salish Sea. Up until 1991, this drought‐adapted ecosystem, now the focus of research on ecosystem resilience in climate change, had no name, no map, no cultural identity beyond Little England, no recognition from academia and no protection. With the return to localism and demand for regional solutions, what is the role for young guerrilla geographers in their respective places across Canada? This discussion will chart a course of meaningful work as we pick up the lost stories of place and weave them with the new. It suggests ways for the academic community to support, educate and legitimize the next generation of guerrilla geographers.

This chapter explores the bases of support and opposition to apologies by states to members of their own polities and communities. It also explores the complex of relationships between the ideas of apology, compensation and reparation and how these influence the popular perception of the apology.