The California Supreme Court’s decision to protect Mono Lake provides a paragon example of how the public trust doctrine can serve as an environmental guardian – as well as a story full of intrigue, suspense, and high stakes. One unusual aspect of the story is that two of the most important characters are neither people nor cities, nor even geological formations on the land – they are laws. In the Mono Lake case, advocates invoked the public trust doctrine to protect public law interests in the environmental values of the waterway, defending them against private law claims to the water within it. To understand how these public and private interests came into conflict at Mono Lake – and why they continue to harbor conflict across all arid lands – it is important to understand the legal doctrines that govern different aspects of water governance. For this reason, the book begins with the law – tracing the history of the public trust doctrine from its ancient Roman and English roots to its reception in the United States, and the conflict posed by independently developing doctrines of private water allocation law, especially the prior appropriations doctrine of the American West.

Psamtek II was succeeded in 589 BC by his son, Haaibra (Apries), who had to deal with a number of international challenges. The Egyptians were defeated when attempting to lift the Babylonian siege of Jerusalem, and again defeated when trying to prevent the expansion of the Greek colony of Cyrene. This latter engagement led to a revolt among the defeated Egyptian troops, resulting in civil war and the replacement of Haaibra by a general, Ahmose, who was later declared king. The forty-four-year rule of Ahmose (Amasis) was one of the notable periods in ancient Egyptian history which benefited from a peaceful and stable international scene. Ahmose forged a number of international alliances, he placed renewed emphasis on trade at Naukratis, further developed the oases and undertook massive building projects. There was economic and administrative reorganisation within the country which included the strengthening of the customs administration and greater tax control over the assets of the individual. The numerous economic and commercial reforms contributed to a growing prosperity in Egypt.

This chapter examines the pervasiveness of John’s devotional method among his contemporary brethren at Fécamp. The chapter first demonstrates that the affective prescriptions contained in John's Confessio theologica were promoted and enforced by the various devotional media at Fécamp – in the library, in the liturgy, and in sermons. The chapter then explores the complex relationship between emotional reform and discipline, as such affective rhetoric seems to have played a dual role in the monastery, both emotionally connecting the monastic practitioner to his God and keeping him in line under his abbot. This chapter, therefore, unlike other studies of affective piety, shows how affectivity was not just about a devotee’s emotional empathy with the crucified Christ, but also about a monastic devotee’s Christ-like obedience. I break scholarly ground by enumerating the uses of affective piety particular to the Benedictine monastery of the eleventh century.

Social practice theories have become increasingly prominent in sustainability transitions research. By drawing attention to everyday life and social dynamics as key issues in sustainability transitions alongside technologies, infrastructures, and policies, practice theories provide valuable contributions to transition research, governance, and intervention design. Instead of focusing solely on individual behaviours or structures, they view practices - collective patterns of human activity - as the central unit of analysis, emerging from and at the same time shaping (infra)structures and behaviours. Therefore, practice theories can be fruitfully utilised as an alternative or complementary perspective on sustainability transition frameworks to identify, explain and address the social dynamics of change. In this chapter, we show how social practice theories can be used to study - as well as to bring about - innovations and disruptions for sustainability transitions. We start by providing a concise overview of what practices are and how they change. We also showcase an example of a practice theory-inspired change initiative as well as discuss the main differences, similarities, and synergies of social practice theories and the multi-level perspective of socio-technical transitions. We end with outlining some of the on-going debates and further research needs.

The principal methods used in experimental and observational science typically involve hypothesis testing, follow-ups on serendipitous discoveries, the use of new analytical tools (instrumental, numerical, or statistical) to examine extant samples or data sets, the acquisition of new samples to analyze, and the formulation of theoretical models. Many studies, including those in meteoritics and cosmochemistry, employ several of these methods.

This chapter examines the notion of nationhood held by contemporary Koreans from two interrelated perspectives, political and cultural. It examines the films in relation to the conflicting ideological orientations of North and South Korea. In the North Korean films, anti-imperialism constitutes the core of their definition of nationhood. The chapter also examines the common cultural elements between North and South Korean films. Whereas anti-imperialism, class-consciousness and Kim II Sung's leadership are the controlling themes in the North Korean films, anti-communism serves as a basis for exploring nationhood in the South Korean films. The representation of nationhood in South and North Korean films can be seen as an extension or variation of familyhood. Post-war Korean cinema is a cultural text that vividly exposes the coexistence of political discontinuity and cultural continuity in contemporary Koreans' perception of their nationhood.

Chapter 9 introduces transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a neurostimulation technique that uses rapidly changing magnetic fields to induce electric currents in targeted brain regions. Beginning with its historical roots in 19th-century electromagnetic experiments and evolving through Anthony Barker’s groundbreaking 1985 demonstration, TMS has become a critical tool for establishing causal relationships between brain activity and behavior. Unlike neuroimaging methods that only observe brain activity, TMS can temporarily interrupt or enhance neural processing, enabling researchers to create “virtual lesions” and directly test hypotheses about regional brain function. The chapter examines TMS delivery methods, single-pulse, paired-pulse, and repetitive stimulation, and their differential effects on cortical excitability. It details four primary research applications: virtual lesions for establishing causality, chronometry for determining processing timelines, mapping functional connectivity between brain regions, and tracking neuroplasticity. Clinical applications are discussed, particularly for treating depression and presurgical mapping. The chapter also addresses practical aspects of TMS implementation, localization techniques, and safety considerations, concluding with a brief overview of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a milder alternative stimulation approach.

This chapter examines how early British social anthropology developed formal approaches to context that paralleled Wittgenstein’s logical contextualism. It focuses on Radcliffe-Brown’s structural-functionalism and its similarities to Tractarian logic, while contrasting this with Malinowski’s more fluid approach. Through examination of the Cambridge School of anthropology and its influence, the chapter demonstrates how a particular culture of context emerged in early anthropology that privileged formal, logical structure.

This chapter examines life writing texts created by out gay Black men. These texts – written and cinematic – seek to archive Black gay existence in historical and social contexts that are often threatening. More than just records of life, they question assumed knowledge and the certainty we have about the ideologies that order our lives. For these artists, autobiography, a form of ostensible transparency or showing, is about making transparent destructive ideologies. The chapter is structured around four key themes (sex and sociality, injury and identity, the feminine within, and the power of opacity), each of which identifies a recurring strategy in Black gay art making as well as a narrative mechanism for questioning normativity and revealing the constraints placed on Black gay men’s lives. The discussion centers on the following artists: Samuel Delany, RuPaul, Saeed Jones, and Marlon Riggs.

This chapter reflects on what international human rights litigation has achieved for labor movements in an era of growing repression and backlash against international courts. Focusing on the experiences of Turkish public sector unions and blacklisted workers in the UK, it addresses a central question: Can international courts meaningfully support workers’ rights in the face of neoliberal restructuring and authoritarian resurgence? The chapter argues that while human rights law is no substitute for rank-and-file mobilization, it has provided activists with tools to contest repression, demand accountability, and carve out political space in hostile environments. Legal victories have not reversed the long-term weakening of organized labor, but they have enabled fragile gains – moments of visibility, legitimacy, and mobilization – that matter both symbolically and materially. Labor’s engagement with human rights remains pragmatic, and hence potentially tenuous; but the resources, aspirations, and alliances this engagement leaves behind can seed future movements. Drawing out both the limits and possibilities of international legal mobilization, the chapter closes by emphasizing the enduring struggles and adaptive strategies of labor in hard times.

This chapter offers a consideration of Crito’s character, based on other information about him from the Phaedo and the Euthydemus.

Heresy was a concept by which Joyce understood his role as evangelist of a new literature. The theology of the heretic Giordano Bruno informs mystical religiosity in a range of Joyce’s fiction; it also influenced Joyce’s overall view of his own mission to challenge Catholicism, which finds its ultimate expression in Finnegans Wake. The place that Bruno affords sensuality within pantheism appealed to Joyce. From Bruno’s thought the corporeal – and sexuality in particular – is significant to reflections on the soul in Joyce’s early fiction, such as Stephen Hero. A heretical reading of St Augustine’s felix culpa, the ‘happy sin’, is central to Joyce’s later novels, underpinning both Molly Bloom’s soliloquy and the vision of God as masturbator in Finnegans Wake. As Joyce’s last novel devotes considerable attention to the work of St Augustine and Newman, and stylistic dialogue with the Bible, the overall task of the Wake can be considered heretical.