This chapter is about poems in which aspects of their overall shape are in some way representational or pictorial. One of the earliest practitioners of this kind of poetry in English was George Herbert, whose book The Temple contains well known examples such as 'The Altar' and 'Easter Wings'. The chapter suggests three basic categories of poems: the verbal/visual type; the visual/verbal kind; and the visual/verbalist kind. It considers three examples of each of these three types. The examples of the verbal/visual type include George Herbert, Guillaume Apollinaire and Edwin Morgan. The examples of the visual/verbal kind include Bob Cobbing, Ian Hamilton Finlay and Ana Maria Uribe. The examples of the visual/verbalist kind include Mary Ellen Solt, David Miller and Alvaro de Sa.

This chapter seeks to take seriously the fact that the initial response in cases of hermaphroditism was not to disclose the sexual body to a physician in order to have it examined objectively. The cases of Anna Barbara Meier, Finon D. and Elisabetha Holzheid are first discussed. All of them had to reach the ages of 49, 72 and 77 respectively before their sex was physically checked by a doctor. It is shown that cases of doubtful sex often were ignored, even if the ambiguity was publicly observable. There was clearly a generally supported restraint in physically exposing a (female) body to a (male) physician. The reasons for disclosure in cases where lay people were aware of irregularities concerning someone's genitals or sexual function and (eventually) decided to consult a doctor are elaborated. Doubts about someone's sex not only involved the person concerned, but the entire community surrounding this person.

At least in theory, the Sunningdale agreement of 1973 represented a high point, if not the high point, in institutionalising the relationship between the two parts of Ireland that had been ruptured in 1921. The planned Council of Ireland, incorporating a Council of Ministers and a Consultative Assembly, represented both an echo of the first Council of Ireland of the 1920s and a precursor of the North-South Ministerial Council of 1998. There were important respects in which the image of the Council represented the Achilles heel of the 1973 agreement: it provided a focal point for unionist anger, which was mobilised effectively to bring the whole agreement down. This paper looks at the significance of the Council of Ireland as a mechanism for reducing the negative consequences of the partition of Ireland, setting it in historical context. It explores changing attitudes towards institutions of this kind, viewed as a threat to their position in the United Kingdom by many unionists, as a “sell-out” that recognises partition by traditional nationalists, and as a sensible functional compromise by pragmatists on both sides.

The development of a 'free neonatal' scheme was based on the co-operation between the Department of Health, Dublin Corporation and Dublin voluntary maternity hospitals, and it revealed the complexities inherent in negotiating new health initiatives. Dr James Deeny, who became the driving force behind the Dublin experiment, wished to integrate infant health care into the system already available to mothers. Dublin Corporation was reluctant to accept a free 'specialised service', repeating the need for nutritional care for the mother and urging the government to subsidise food products for poor mothers. Dublin was, in real terms, least affected by the introduction of a mother-and-child scheme because it had the best maternal and child welfare service in operation prior to the Health Act of 1953. As was repeatedly noted, the Dublin maternity service operated primarily through the maternity hospitals and the corporation.

This introductory chapter discusses the objective of this volume, which is to investigate how regional political institutions affect professional political careers in Scotland and Catalonia, and how, in turn, the professional self-interest of these politicians is influencing the institutionalisation of regional politics. This volume uses case-study approaches to trace the emergence of a regional political class in Catalonia and in Scotland. This chapter suggests that political professionalisation and regionalisation are delineated as two macro-processes of functional and territorial differentiation closely related to democratisation and state modernisation. It also introduces the concept of political class as a major analytical tool to break the analysis down to the micro-level.

In the Irish 'social order', the concept of illegitimacy extended in practice, if not in name, to the unmarried mother: she was an illegitimate mother. Independence not only led to a greater level of moral and cultural introspection, it also highlighted the trail of unmarried mothers to Britain, a social pattern that caused great embarrassment to the fledegling Irish state. If infant mortality, in general, was a barometer of poverty and effective public health administration, illegitimacy was an indicator of slacking social control and moral decline. Defensive action characterised government policy in relation to unmarried mothers and their children throughout the period: only as problems arose were measures devised and even then belatedly. The issue of infant mortality, which provided the impetus for a reorganisation of maternity services in general, proved to be the only factor that interested the state in terms of the welfare of unmarried mothers.

This chapter comprises an introduction to Puritan writer Elizabeth Major and her published work, selected reading, and the edited text of her Honey on the Rod: Or a Comfortable Contemplation for One in Affliction (1656). Major suffered a debilitating illness in her mid-twenties that left her lame and in pain, and the title of her work showed that she saw this affliction as a correction from God's chastising ‘rod’, but that these sufferings were sweet because she was brought closer to him. This process is celebrated by her writings, which include a dialogue between ‘Soul’ and ‘Consolation’ and several poems.

This chapter marks second Stuart successions 1625 in poems, by some of the greatest writers of the age. These writers include John Rous, James Shirley, John Donne, and George Eglisha. The succession of 1625 was in most respects extremely straightforward. Indeed one of the great attractions of the Stuarts in 1603 was that James had three children, including two boys, as a result virtually securing a clear dynastic line of succession. In the series of conflicts that would become known in retrospect as the Thirty Years War (1618-48), James I had positioned himself as a monarch committed to peace. But King Charles was determined to take a different stance. At the death of James, observers watched keenly for signs of Charles's intentions; and his shift in subsequent years away from his father's Calvinism, towards doctrines loosely labelled 'Arminian', in many respects precipitated the national divisions of the 1630s and 1640s.

Building on the theme of imagination, this chapter further explores tensions between how the migrants had imagined their post-migration lives and their lived experiences. It questions the applicability of the concept of liminality, arguing instead that ambivalence is a more useful analytical concept for understanding the lives of the respondents. Through the examination of various sources of ambivalence in the migrants' lives — their status as intra-European migrants and their social relationships — the chapter demonstrates that migration is just one of a number of creative ways in which these people strived to resolve their feelings of ambivalence and take greater control over their lives.

Edward Palmer Thompson collected his ‘Open Letter to Lezsek Kolakowski’ in The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays, but when that book was reprinted in 1995 the text was dropped. Leszek Kolakowski never bothered to collect ‘My Correct Views on Everything’. Tony Judt's essay is oblivious to the weaknesses in Kolakowski's understanding of Marx and Marxism. After lauding Kolakowski, Judt attacks Thompson's ‘Open Letter’. Thompson's ‘Open Letter’ attempted to differentiate its author's beliefs from the Marxisms of the ‘New’ New Left and the Stalinism that had been rejected in 1956 and the anti-Marxism of Kolakowski and the NATO professors who gathered at Reading in April 1973. Furthermore, the (mis)interpretation of ‘An Open Letter to Leszek Kolakowski’ by Judt is discussed. Judt believes that Kolakowski relieves the duty of having to read EP Thompson.

This chapter examines the broad legal framework governing sexual offences by examining the selected offences of rape and sexual assault, which provide a foundation for understanding other sexual offences. This chapter will also briefly discuss sexual offences against vulnerable individuals such as children. Finally, the chapter considers the challenge that technology increasingly poses in the area of sexual offences and considers how technology may facilitate traditional forms of offending or create new forms of offending.

Fulcanelli, an early twentieth-century alchemist, describes his art as 'a spiritualistic chemistry, for it allows people to catch a glimpse of God through the darkness of substance'. In the opening scene of Guillermo del Toro's Cronos, a fictional representation of Fulcanelli has discovered the secrets of the unknown animator. Cronos is, therefore, just as much an atypical Frankenstein film as it is an atypical vampire film. Toro has combined the myths of Dracula and Frankenstein in order to form his own creation myth. His film, therefore, takes the evolution of these myths one step further. Rather than containing an image of one dark twin that conjures the other by contrast, as in films like House of Dracula, Cronos presents people with the scientific, vampiric Fulcanelli and his vampiric monster, Jesus.

A person’s interest in real or personal property is protected by the law of trespass. Trespass is one of the oldest of the common law actions, and most of the core principles arise from common law. Trespass was used for various claims, the common element of which was that the interference was direct – where the interference was indirect the ‘action on the case’ was more appropriate, and this action evolved into the modern law of negligence. Trespass is actionable per se – that is, there is no need for the plaintiff to prove that they suffered damage. Trespass can also be a crime; however, the principles should be kept distinct.As we saw in Chapter 6, the trespass action is also used to protect the plaintiff’s interest in their bodily integrity – trespass to the person can be assault, battery or false imprisonment. In this chapter we are dealing with trespass to land and to personal property. Land is defined in the same way as it is in the general law of property, and personal property is, in essence, any property other than land. ‘Personal property’ as a term is often used interchangeably with the terms ‘goods’ or ‘chattels’.