The EU is more than a traditional international organisation such as the UN, because it has its own budget, currency, and directly applicable law. Yet it is not a state, for it lacks a police force, army, and criminal justice system. Its member states conserve a right of veto for all major decisions. It is therefore illuminating to explore the EU’s unique political and institutional features in order to understand how it has played such a large role in organising European capitalism, and to determine its compatibility with the three forms of capitalist governance (liberty, solidarity and community). The European Union’s dominant role in regulating capitalism emerged quite late, after the failure of numerous alternatives in both European and international organisations. As Brexit has shown, it is perfectly possible for the Union to shrivel, potentially due to nationalistic pressures. The European institutional system, while being easier to combine with the liberty aspect of capitalism, is also conducive to solidarity and community. The role of European institutions was to facilitate the combination of various national forms of solidarity and community capitalism in Europe.

By the end of the nineteenth century, British-ruled India faced an ecological crisis due to the extension of cultivation, deforestation and desiccation. Famines since the 1870s had led to a decline in population in some regions. While colonial authorities attributed the famines to climatic factors, others held taxation, institutional reforms and economic policies responsible for these disasters. Colonial science emerged as a significant tool in managing and monitoring environments at the same time. The chapter examines the interlinked economic and ecological history of India in these times and the responses by the British imperial authorities and scientists to the perceived crisis.

This chapter examines the critical role of individual behaviour in sustainability transitions, a field traditionally focused on macro- and meso-level processes. While systemic changes in technology and policy are essential, individual actions and small-group dynamics significantly shape sustainable practices and social norms. The chapter explores the interplay between macro-level structural shifts and micro-level behaviour, moving beyond the structure-agency and macro-micro debates in social and behavioural sciences. Drawing on psychology and social practice theory, it highlights the need for interdisciplinary approaches to link individual actions with systemic transitions. Through an analysis of evolving individual roles in sustainability initiatives, particularly energy transitions, the chapter argues for a nuanced understanding of behaviour that includes both habitual actions and deliberate choices. Key research gaps include the need for multi-actor studies, the interrelationship between individual and collective behaviour, and the impact of sustainability transitions on social cohesion.

The Donegall family dominated municipal life through their power as landlords and their control of the Corporation. Civic events reflected traditional Tory values of hierarchy and deference. However, the financial difficulties of the second marquis led him to surrender his power as proprietor, while parliamentary reform in 1832 ended the family’s control of the town’s two seats in Parliament. Municipal reform in 1840 transferred control of municipal affairs to an elected council dominated by the town’s business elite, ending the era of proprietorship by the aristocracy.

This chapter provides an analytic account of the evolution of India’s industrial sector in the context of the overall performance of the economy in the post-independence era. Since trade policy has had a determining impact on overall growth as well as on the structure of the industry, special attention is paid to it. The chapter first reviews the performance of the industry as a whole during the seventy years from 1951/1952 to 2019/2020, dividing it into four distinct phases. It argues that the pursuit of self-sufficiency, specialization in heavy industry and a heavy hand of socialism were at the heart of growth below 4% during the first four decades after independence. Subsequently, liberalizing reforms did accelerate growth, but the slow pace of the removal of multilayered regulation of the early decades remained in the way of East Asian-style rapid transformation of the economy from a rural and agricultural structure to an urban and industrial one.

Chapter 13 discusses the analysis processes that transform raw brain imaging data into meaningful neuroscientific insights. It explains the methodical progression from preprocessing to advanced analytical techniques, emphasizing that analysis is not merely a technical afterthought but a fundamental component of neuroimaging research. The chapter begins by addressing preprocessing steps – quality control, artifact correction, normalization, and smoothing – that prepare data for subsequent analysis while preserving signal integrity. It then explores single-subject processing approaches that aggregate experimental conditions and trials to establish individual response patterns before proceeding to group-level analyses that enable population-level inferences. Statistical considerations receive particular attention, with the chapter explaining how techniques like statistical parametric mapping function as the interpretive lens through which brain activity becomes visible. The problematic issue of multiple comparisons is thoroughly examined, illustrating how whole-brain analyses necessitate statistical correction to prevent false positives in the tens of thousands of simultaneous tests typical in neuroimaging. The chapter extends beyond traditional univariate approaches to cover network analysis methodologies that reveal functional connectivity patterns between brain regions. It concludes by addressing emerging analytical frontiers: real-time analysis for brain–computer interfaces, closed-loop brain stimulation paradigms, and the methodological limitations that necessitate careful interpretation of neuroimaging results. Throughout, the chapter emphasizes that analytical expertise is as essential as technical proficiency with imaging hardware, and that understanding analytical limitations is crucial for responsible interpretation of the neural basis of cognition and behavior.

The physical-force elements in the Northern Ireland conflict were Irish republican illegal organizations versus illegal loyalist organisations; ranged against both but more often aimed against nationalists were the armed police force, its auxiliaries and the British army. Constitutional elements were the SDLP, representing nationalists, various unionist parties ranging from moderate to extreme, Irish politicians and British secretaries of state. Political reform and reconciliation progressed slowly, and 3,663 people of all ethnicities and origins died before the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 put an end to hostilities.

Independent Ireland was characterised by political tension, repression, unemployment, emigration and social activism. Some new, short-lived political parties were formed. Ireland voted to join the EEC in 1973 and became more formally integrated with Europe over the succeeding decades. Women entered the workforce in greater numbers and attained high public visibility, clamouring for social welfare, employment and reproductive rights. Birth control was fully legal by 1990, homosexuality decriminalised in 1993 and divorce legalised in 1995. The late 1990s saw investment in public services, rising employment and falling emigration and immigration. The Catholic church, rocked by sexual scandals and challenged by growing secularism, saw its power wane.

The work of Bourdieu and Foucault can help identify the processes and strategies bywhich the Irish Catholic Church gained dominance and control over the lives of itsmembers.  The nineteenth and twentieth centuries witnessed the increasing power ofthe Church in Ireland, not least by its control over key institutions.  People lived ‘inCatholic time and space’, internalizing systems of discipline and codes of conduct.The intricate knotwork of ‘Catholic’ and ‘Irish’ identity meant that Church dominationwas bound up with the drive to modernize and civilize the nation. The keymechanisms used to create obedient subjects were penitential practices, corporalpunishment, confession, and confinement. John McGahern’s fictionand memoir explore the ways in which Catholic corporal punishment and patriarchalauthority extended into domestic spaces. His writings offer a useful representation ofthese mechanisms of control and punishment, but also narrate quiet moments ofresistance.

Pirogov and the other principal surgeon, Christian Hübbenet, soon became highly dependent on the Sisters because they were so much more competent than the untrained local women. Pirogov divided the Sisters into three groups, surgical nurses, pharmacists, and housekeepers, and placed them in charge of hospital administration. He also introduced his famous triage, saving many more lives. Hard work and typhus soon decimated the Sisters and a number died. By early spring many doctors, including Pirogov, also fell ill and some died. A major problem now developed among the Sisters. They played mean tricks on each other and there was a great deal of infighting which Pirogov and the senior Sisters were unable to stop. Constant trench warfare, the sorties that the Russians sent into the allied trenches, and the increasingly lethal allied bombardment kept the Sisters and doctors working under fire at an inhuman pace. Pirogov and Hübbenet were amazed by the Sisters’ selflessness and their courage and coolness under direct fire, which the doctors at first thought quite uncharacteristic of women. Pirogov now taught the able nurses to do specific medical procedures, some of which Hübbenet thought they did better than the doctors.

This chapter argues that reflexivity - an introspective process in which researchers turn their engagement into an object of research - is essential to sustainability transitions research (STR). Reflexivity in STR encompasses not only the non-neutrality of its normative categories, such as ‘sustainability’ and ‘radical’, but also its descriptive categories, including ‘regime’ and ‘system’. This inherent social embeddedness, or ‘engagedness’, positions transition researchers with both an inescapable responsibility and a unique opportunity to shape their engagement reflexively. Reflexivity, which is relevant at every stage of STR, is illustrated in terms of research orientation, role and positionality. It highlights that much of reflexivity lies in the question of how - and with what kind of awareness - you are personally doing what you are doing. As a transition researcher, you are in a comparatively powerful societal position. Your choices matter and make a difference in the world.

The Mono Lake case was followed by a surge of interest across the nation in use of the public trust doctrine as a tool of environmental advocacy, and in some jurisdictions, a statement of environmental rights. This chapter reviews the ongoing development of the doctrine around the United States: the different forms of law through which it operates, the different resources it protects, different values vindicated, and even different legal theories about the nature of the doctrine itself. The variety reveals there is no such thing as “the American public trust doctrine,” only a tapestry of related implementations of the public trust principles at the core of the doctrine – the partnered state trustee obligations and corresponding public rights. The chapter also considers the contested intersection between the trust and federal law. While scholars debate the existence of a federal trust, the doctrine is increasingly recognized as a background principle of state property law for the purposes of takings litigation under the federal Fifth Amendment. In a little-known chapter of Supreme Court history, the justices negotiated not to address the role of the trust in takings litigation.

Innovation systems take a holistic view of the dynamics shaping innovation, emphasizing actors, institutions, and networks as key structural elements. These interact to create positive or negative feedback loops. Initially, innovation systems focused on national competitiveness and were technology-neutral. The introduction of technological innovation systems (TIS), the focus of this chapter, shifted attention to the emergence of specific technologies, particularly sustainable ones that face market barriers. This made TIS a foundational framework in sustainability transitions research. The introduction of TIS ‘functions’ marked a key milestone in the field. Over time, TIS has evolved, addressing context, geography, and system interactions. Scholars continue to expand innovation system frameworks, exploring missions, life cycles, and destabilisation. This work increasingly integrates both technological and social innovation, supporting pathways towards sustainability.